Introduction: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), is a neurological disorder whose pathophysiology of ischemic side occurs along with the development of a central inflammatory process. Omega-3 fatty acids appear as a potential agent in the prevention and treatment of the repercussions of this ischemic event, presenting the potential for neuroprotection in successive studies. Objective: We aim to carry out a systematic review of the literature about the neuroprotective potential of omega-3 in terms of preventive and therapeutic aspects in ischemic CVA. Method: From a search in the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus following the items of Guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes (PRISMA), 12 published articles were included in the final sample and applied for discussion according to the literature. Results: The studies pointed out the decrease in omega-3 as prejudicial to the regeneration of nervous tissues, as well as the neuroprotective role of omega-3 in cerebral ischemia after ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models. Conclusion: Reduction of cerebral edema, promotion of angiogenesis, preservation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and tissue protection were observed. Therefore, a greater understanding of the molecular role of omega-3 fatty acids and their consequences for supplementation in humans is needed.