Elemental Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Intertidal Surface Sediments of Sungai Puloh Mangrove, Malaysia - Abstract
The speciation profile of Cd, Ni, and Zn as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) and pH were determined in 42 surface sediment samples from Sungai
Puloh intertidal mangrove ecosystem. The four stage sequential extraction technique (SET) (exchangeable, acid–reducible, oxidizable-organics, and residual
fractions) was employed to investigate the heavy metal distribution pattern. The Risk assessment Criteria Code (RAC) was applied to estimate the metals
bioavailability and implication to food chain. The result showed that the total mean metal concentrations for Cd, Ni, and Zn were (1.04±0.36, 37.76±7.65, and
1034.56±410.79)µg/g respectively. More than 80% of Zn in all sampling stations existed in the non-residual fraction and as high as 15% in exchangeable
faction indicating that Zn may be easily remobilized. The non-residual fraction of Cd 53%, Ni 51%, showed that Cd and Ni are at the borderline for
remobilization. Cadmium speciation, like Zn revealed elevated levels of 11.94% in exchangeable fraction. The possibility of remobilization of heavy metal
in the study area is in the order of Zn>Cd>Ni. Based on the RAC, Ni poses low risk. However, Cd and Zn pose medium to high risk for the possibility to enter
into the food chain indicating that the food web and aquaculture activities within Sg. Puloh mangrove may be impacted. The TOC values ranged from 2.31 to
4.12%, and the pH varied from 3.49 to 4.83. The relationship obtained for TOC, pH, and non-resistant fractions indicated that TOC has more significant effect
on the distribution of elements among phases than pH