This review focuses on the genetic basis, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic advances, therapeutic strategies, and controversies in Alzheimer’s disease. It synthesizes findings from numerous studies to provide a detailed understanding of the disease. The genetic factors, including key genes and risk factors, play crucial roles in Alzheimer’s disease. Epidemiological studies explore the prevalence and genetic influences in different populations. Pathophysiological mechanisms involve amyloid precursor protein, tau protein, and neuroinflammation. Diagnostic advances aim to identify genetic biomarkers and improve genetic testing. Therapeutic strategies include gene therapy, pharmacogenomics, and emerging genetic therapies. Controversies and future directions cover ethical issues, the role of genetics versus environment, and potential research areas. Overall, this review offers insights into the complex nature of Alzheimer’s disease and potential avenues for future research and treatment.