The discharge of toxic organic dyes from industrial effluents presents a significant environmental challenge due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential carcinogenicity. While various physical, chemical, and biological methods exist for wastewater treatment, adsorption is widely regarded as a superior technique due to its high efficiency, operational simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. This review provides a comprehensive overview of adsorption techniques for the removal of toxic organic dyes from aqueous solutions. It critically examines different types of adsorbents, with a particular focus on activated carbon (AC) and the development of low-cost alternatives from agricultural waste materials. The fundamental principles of adsorption, including physisorption and chemisorption, are discussed, along with key factors influencing the process, such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent porosity. Furthermore, the application of essential isotherm models like Langmuir and Freundlich for analyzing adsorption equilibrium is detailed. The review highlights the potential of sustainable, bio-derived adsorbents as a promising pathway for efficient and economical dye removal, addressing the limitations of conventional treatment methods.