Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Hyperthyroidism - Abstract
Hyperthyroidism should lead to a lower incidence of thyroid cancer than that observed in euthyroid patients. Thyroid cancer associated with thyrotoxicosis is rare and poorly recognized, which may result in delayed diagnosis, inappropriate treatment and even poor prognosis. Thyroid carcinoma can be associated with autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma, toxic multinodular goiter, or Graves’ disease. The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this challenging setting were systematically reviewed in order to provide a comprehensive guidance for clinicians. Medical history, biochemical assessments, radiobiological imaging, and ultrasonography-guided fineneedle aspiration combined with pathological examinations were found to be critical for precise diagnosis. Surgery remains a mainstay of treatment for both pathologies. This study summarizes the current evidence regarding the association of thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis and whether this affects the patient outcome.