The escalating scarcity of water resources necessitates targeted conservation efforts, particularly in rural communities where water access is critical to livelihoods. This study investigates factors influencing farmers’ participation in water resource conservation and balancing plans in eastern Mazandaran, Iran. A researcher-designed questionnaire, validated through face validity and Cronbach’s alpha, was completed by 159 farmers selected using judgmental sampling. Results revealed a positive relationship between participation and the number of dependents, while education and socio-economic status were negatively correlated. Among the studied variables, effectiveness and self-efficacy significantly influenced participation. Farmers demonstrated a willingness to adopt recommended practices to mitigate water scarcity threats and adapt to changing conditions. Their comprehension, adaptability, and capacity highlight their potential to support policies aimed at managing underground water resources in the forbidden plain. This study underscores the importance of engaging rural communities in sustainable water resource management strategies.