Radiation exposure is increasingly relevant in medical, environmental, and occupational contexts, bringing both benefits and health risks. This review evaluates the health impacts of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, highlighting short- and long term effects on human tissue and genetic material. Additionally, this paper discusses mechanisms of radiation protection, focusing on regulatory limits, shielding techniques, and advancements in personal protective equipment. Comprehensive understanding of these effects and protection strategies is crucial to reducing radiation-related risks, especially in medical and industrial settings where exposure is frequent.