Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic disease of ruminant animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It is distributed worldwide and has a substantial economic impact on milk production and the dairy industry. It is more burdensome in low—and middle-income countries with high livestock population density and low productivity, but it has received low priority for surveillance, prevention, and control. MAP is an epidemiologically complex disease problem due to its subclinical manifestation in infected animals, continuous shedding of MAP contaminating pasture and water sources, and environmental persistence. In recent years, MAP has been implicated as a trigger for various chronic human diseases and conditions such as Crohn’s disease. Since the human population with autoimmune disorders and immunocompromised status is increasing and susceptible to Crohn’s disease and other chronic diseases, an epidemiological study and meta-analysis have to be carried out to establish an association of MAP with Crohn’s disease and other chronic human diseases. Paratuberculosis surveillance, prevention, and control may be candidates for applying the One Health approach since it involves animals (domestic and wild), humans, and the environment, demanding a holistic, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional approach.