Brucellosis is an infectious, contagious and zoonotic disease affecting humans and many animal species, including camels. In Africa, studies on camel brucellosis are mainly based on serological surveys, while studies based on bacterial isolation or molecular biology remain rare. The reported prevalence rates vary widely: from 0.5 to 51.2% in East Africa, from 1 to 28.5% in North Africa, and from 0.4 to 11.4% in West and Central Africa, reflecting the methodological differences and epidemiological contexts specific to each region. Molecular analyses have confirmed the presence of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in milk, aborted fetuses and vaginal swabs from infected camels. Extensive farming practices, combined with the dietary habits of pastoral populations, particularly the consumption of raw milk, and poor control of risk factors, constitute a significant zoonotic risk to animal and human health. The disease remains largely underdiagnosed, particularly due to its insidious clinical progression and the lack of validated serological tests for camelids, as highlighted by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The combination of different methods (serology, culture isolation, PCR) is strongly recommended for reliable diagnosis and to support brucellosis control and eradication strategies in camelids. This review provides an updated summary of knowledge on camel brucellosis in Africa, focusing on its socio-economic impact, epidemiology, and available diagnostic and preventive approaches.