Small ruminants play a crucial role in providing food, income, and foreign exchange in Ethiopia, with their meat serving as a major export commodity to Middle Eastern and African markets. However, various diseases, including brucellosis, adversely affect their productivity by causing reproductive failures, reduced meat and milk output, and limiting trade opportunities. Brucellosis, a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by species of the genus Brucella, ranks among the top five globally significant zoonoses. While Brucella species are not strictly host-specific, they exhibit host preference, B. melitensis primarily affects sheep and goats and is the most virulent for humans. Transmission occurs mainly through contact with aborted materials, which contain high concentrations of the bacteria, especially during abortion or parturition. Humans are commonly infected by consuming unpasteurized dairy products or through direct contact with infected animals, particularly during birthing processes. Infected females may suffer from abortion with retained placenta, which can lead to metritis, prolonged calving intervals, and sometimes permanent infertility. In males, the disease can result in orchitis, epididymitis, and impaired fertility. Accurate diagnosis of brucellosis requires laboratory confirmation through direct detection methods such as microscopic examination, bacterial culture, animal inoculation, serological testing, or molecular diagnostics. The economic impact of the disease in Sub-Saharan Africa is exacerbated by limited resources, underdeveloped veterinary infrastructure, and a high burden of other infectious diseases. Control of brucellosis in small ruminants relies on integrated approaches, including vaccination, rigorous biosecurity, and test-and-slaughter policies.