Objective: This study attempts to explore the effects of Gastrodin on the behavioral and pathological amelioration in AD rat model induced by fimbria of hippocampus transected, and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of Gastrodin takes its action. Methods: AD rat model was induced by cutting off the fibmbria of hippocampus by using the self-made micro-blade according to the coordinates previously described.Two weeks later, Gastrodin was injected intraperitoneally into the AD rats, Morris Water Maze (MWM) was employed to detect the behavior of learning and memory in all three experimental groups, i.e. sham operative group, AD model group and Gastrodin injected group. Subsequently, Q-PCR and Western blot was used respectively to investigate the differential expression of various neurotrophic factors, including NGF, CNTF, BDNF, NT-3 and IGF-1 on both mRNA and protein level among three experimental groups to ascertain which up regulated. Results: The Escape latency in the Gastrodin injected groups was markedly shorter than the AD model group (p<0.05). The times for rats to pass through the quadrant containing the platform, accompanied by the time course for rats in the target quadrant in Gastrodin injected group was substantially longer than that of AD model group (p<0.05), respectively. And q-PCR and Western blot showed that the mRNA and protein level of NT-3 and IGF-1 in the Gastrodin injected group were all significantly up regulated than those of AD model and sham operative group, respectively (p<0.01), the other neurotrophic factors detected in this study, including BDNF, NT-3 and CNTF, was all found substantially elevated in Gastrodin injected group (p<0.05), and their expression order descending from Gastrodin injected group, AD model group to sham operative group. Among all the neurotrophic factors, the rise amplitude of NT-3 and IGF-1 was the maximum among all the ones detected. Conclusions: Gastrodin plays neuroprotective roles in AD rats amelioration in learning and memory capacity, which was most likely dependant on the increased secretion of some endogenous neurotrophic factors, especially NT-3 and IGF1. This will helpful to elucidate the neuroprotective roles of Gastrodin plays in AD rats, which are based on NT3 and IGF-1 raised expression. This will shed a new light on the development of optimal therapeutic strategies for clinical AD treatment in a sooner future both in theory and practice by using Gastrodin and other traditional Chinese medicines.