A lot of evidence suggests the crucial role of dermatan sulfate (DS), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the central nervous system (CNS), in brain development, neuritogenesis, neuroprotection, and neuronal dysfunctions. Among these events, the involvement of DS during the development of the CNS has attracted attention to better comprehend its specific action in the neuroregeneration process. The various functions of DS can be mainly attributed to the structural variability of its disaccharides. Older and more recent reports about the relationship between the structure of DS and its function are helping to point out novel neurobiological roles for DS, increasing the understanding of a great range of biological functions of this molecule in the brain. Here we reviewed the recent knowledge about the function of DS, mainly in the neuritogenesis of the CNS. Furthermore, we indicate the importance of extending the in vitro and in vivo studies of the use of DS from marine organisms in the search for future therapeutic strategies.