Loading

Annals of Community Medicine and Practice

Development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae Feeding on the Plant Material Contained in the Water

Short Communication | Open Access

  • 1. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2- CNRS 5290-IRD 224) Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, France
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Frédéric Darriet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224) Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France, Tel: 33-(0)4-67-41-63-95
Abstract

Background: In this laboratory study we measured the trophic performances of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae), both being vectors of the dengue fever, chikungunya and zika virus in the world.

Methods: Depending on the quantities of plant material contained in the breeding sites, the bioassays enabled to assess the times it took for 50% of imaginal emergence to occur (IEt50). They also enabled to determine the amounts of plant material needed for 50% of adult emergence (IE50).

Results: Water containing 3.3 g of plant material per liter allowed 50% of Ae. albopictus adults to emerge within 8 days (IEt50), against 60 days at 0.5g/liter. As for Ae. aegypti, the IEt50 took 8 days at 3.3g/l against 29 days at 1.7g/l. The IE50 also revealed that 0.61g of plant material were needed for a 50% of adult emergence of Ae. albopictus. To reach the same survival rate among Ae. aegypti, the larvae must grow in an environment twice as rich in food supply.

Conclusion: This research work has revealed that the Ae. albopictus larvae can develop in water collections where the shortage of organic material hinders or compromises the development and survival of Ae. aegypti. The outstanding trophic performances of Ae. albopictus would thus partly account for the invasive character of Ae. albopictus, as well as the dying out of its competitor Ae. aegypti in the regions of the world shared by both species.

Citation

Darriet F (2016) Development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae Feeding on the Plant Material Contained in the Water. Ann Community Med Pract 2(1): 1014.

Keywords

•    Aedes aegypti
•    Aedes albopictus
•    Plant material
•    Log-probit analysis
•    Trophic performances

ABBREVIATIONS

PM: Plant Material; IE50: Imaginal Emergence Time 50%; IE50: Imaginal Emergence 50%

INTRODUCTION

The distribution of mosquito populations mostly depends on the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the breeding sites. Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) develop in clear domestic and peridomestic water collections, such as earthenware vases, barrels, cisterns, gutters, cans, tires and plant saucers [1-2]. These two mosquitoes are the major vectors of the dengue fever, chikungunya and zika virus in the world [3-10]. It is now clearly stated that the population growth of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae is closely associated with the nature of the resources available [11-13]. If the source of food mainly consists in plant detritus (deciduous and coniferous leaves, flowers and grass) it remains quite rich in cellulose and hard to digest for mosquito larvae [14-15]. In this laboratory study, the bioassays consisted in a follow-up of larvae batches until the emergence of adults, whose larvae grew up in environments with different contents of plant material (dry grasses). The follow-up allowed to assess the times taken by the larvae to develop, depending on the availability plant material (IEt50). The quantities of dry grasses needed for each species to reach a 50% adult emergence were also determined (IE50)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Bora strain of Ae. aegypti, originally from French Polynesia, has been reared for more than 20 years in our laboratory. The Ae. albopictus strain used in this study comes from the village of Perols located south of the Herault department (France). This strain of Ae. albopictus has been raised in the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) insectarium in Montpellier (France) since September 2014. The plant material (PM) used for the preparation of the larval environment consisted in commercial rodent food (hay) that can be found in pet shops (Zolux®). The quantities of PM assessed on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were of 0.5g/l - 1g/l - 2.5g/l and 3.3g/l. A 0.25g/l content was tested on Ae. albopictus only and 1.7g/l on Ae. aegypti so as to characterize the trophic performances of these two species of mosquitoes more precisely. PM was prepared in 0.0042 m3 plastic trays (length: 0.30m; width: 0.20m; depth: 0.07m), each containing one liter of reverse osmotic water. 24 hr after the preparation of the larval environments, one hundred first instars larvae (L1) of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus were counted and placed in a tray. Each artificial milieu was evaluated on a total of three replicates. Throughout the duration of the experiment, the trays were maintained at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C in the laboratory.

Female and male adults were counted in each environment to establish the averages of imaginal emergence with a 95% confidence interval [16]. The larval environments allowing more than 50% of adult emergences were analyzed using the log-probit software [17] so as to determine the duration of preimaginal developments leading to 50% of imaginal emergence (IEt50). Based on this same log-probit analysis, the quantity of plant material needed for 50% adult emergence was assessed as well (IE50).

RESULTS

Figure 1 shows the averages of male and female emergences in the different larval environment. The imaginal emergences of Ae. albopictus were above 50% with only 0.5g of PM per liter. As much as 1.7g/l of PM are needed to reach the same survival rate of Ae. aegypti. Except for the 2.5g/l quantity of PM, for which the averages of male and female Ae. albopictus proved statistically different (P = 0.03), the other quantities tested on both strains did not display significant differences (0.094 < P < 0.89). The times needed for 50% of adult Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti to emerge (IEt50) (Table 1) were 8 and 11 days respectively, with 3.3g and 2.5g of PM per liter. IEt50 exceeded a period of one month for 1g/l and equaled two months for 0.5g/l. At the concentration of 1.7g/l, 50% of Ae. aegypti adults emerged after 29 days of study. Whatever the species studied, it is worth noticing the regression line slopes steepened as the quantities of PM increased. This observation simply shows that the more food in the environment, the faster the larval growth.

A quantity of 0.61g of PM per liter is enough for 50% (IE50) of the Ae. albopictus larvae to develop all the way to imaginal stage (Table 2). For a similar survivorship with Ae. aegypti larvae, twice as much organic material is needed in the water. The difference of trophic performances translates in log-probit regression lines whose slopes almost double depending on the species. Ae. albopictus larvae’s ability to grow in environments that can be either poor or rich in organic matter (Figure 1) will produce a more gradual response in adult with a gentler slope of the regression line.

Table 1: Determination for each mosquito species of the value of imaginal emergence time 50% (IEt50), estimated from the log-probit analysis.

Species Plant material 
quantities (g/l)
IEt50 (in day) (95% CI) Slope ( ± SE)
Aedes albopictus        0.5 60.2 (56.7-64.6)  2.01 ( ± 0.13)
        1 35.7 (34.7-36.8) 2.6 ( ± 0.10) 
       2.5 10.7 (10.3-11.1) 4.9 ( ± 0.3)
       3.3 7.7 (6.4-9.1) 5.9 (± 0.6)
Aedes aegypti         1.7 28.8 (27.3-30.6) 1.9 ( ± 0.14)
       2.5 11.1 (10.7-11.4) 5.4 ( ± 0.3)
       3.3 8.2 (7.9-8.4) 5.9 ( ± 0.3)

 

DISCUSSION

Mosquito larvae breed in water collections whose physico-chemical and biological characteristics differ a lot from one site to another [18,11,19]. The bioassays carried out on Ae. albopictus showed the larvae needed 0.61g of plant material per liter of water to ensure a 50% adult emergence (IE50). To reach the same percentages, twice as much organic matter (1.3g/l) is needed for Ae. aegypti larvae. As for the development time of the preimaginal stages more specifically, the bioassays carried out on Ae. albopictus showed that water containing 3.3g of plant material per liter allowed a 50% adult emergence within 8 days (IEt50). At 0.5g/l, 60 days are eventually needed to get the same percentage. Ae. aegypti IEt50 will take 8 days at a concentration of 3.3g/l as opposed to 29 days at 1.7g/l. The slowing down of the larvae growth in environments lacking in food may have impacted the range geographic expansion of these two mosquitoes. The colonization of Americas by Ae. aegypti from it native African forests took place during the 17th century thanks to the ships sailing the Atlantic ocean. The eggs of Ae. aegypti are known for their resistance to desiccation which allows them to be transported over long distances and extended stretches of time. At a time when travelling between Africa and the Americas took several months, drinkable water containers were the perfect shelter for the mosquito larvae. The emerging females would feed on the crew members and were therefore able to keep their biological cycle going all along the ocean crossing [15,20]. As for Ae. albopictus it must have been disseminated by the Indonesians from south-east Asia to Madagascar and the surrounding islands two thousand years ago [20]. However the more recent international trade of tires between Asia, the United States and Europe has played a predominant part in its propagation. The eggs of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus resisting desiccation greatly contributed to their scattering worldwide, along with the larvae surviving the transoceanic crossings. Whether natural or artificial, the water collections where the mosquito larvae grow keep being replenished in organic detritus thanks to animal carcasses, grasses, leaves, flower and so on. Many fungi and cellulolytic bacteria contribute to the cellulose degradation [21]. The cellulose that represents 35 to 50% of the dry matter of plant is hard to digest by the mosquito larvae [14] even if the bacteria living in the guts of the mosquito larvae play an important role in the food assimilation (Minard et al., 2013) [22].

This research work undoubtedly shows that albopictus develops in water collections where the shortage of organic material hinders or compromises the development and survival of Ae. aegypti. The outstanding trophic performances would therefore partly account for the invasive character of Ae. albopictus, as well as the dying out of its competitor Ae. aegypti in the regions of the world shared by both species [23-25].

Table 2: Determination for each mosquito species of the value of imaginal emergence 50% (IE50), estimated from the log-probit analysis.

Species  IE50 (in g/l of plant material) (95% CI)     Slope ( ± SE)
Aedes albopictus           0.61 (0.49-0.76)      1.98 ( ± 0.23)
Aedes aegypti             1.3 (1.0-1.7)       3.4 ( ± 0.7)

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special thanks to Hélène Darriet for kindly translating this French paper into English

REFERENCES

1. Cordellier R, Germain M, Hervy JP, Mouchet J. Guide pratique pour l tude des vecteurs de fi vre jaune en Afrique et m thode de lutte. ORSTOM ditions, Initiation, Documents techniques. Paris, France. 1977.

2. Delatte H, Dehecq J, Thiria J, Domerg C, Paupy C, Fontenille D. Geographic distribution and developmental sites of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) during a chikungunya epidemic event. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008; 8: 25-34.

3. WHO. Regional office for South-East Asia. Guidelines on clinical management of Chikungunya fever. World Health Organization, New Delhi, India. 2008.

4. WHO. Special programme for research and training in tropical diseases. Dengue guidelines for diagnosis treatment, prevention and control. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2009; 147.

5. Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009; 15: 1347- 1350.

6. Reiter P. Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe? Euro Surveill. 2010; 15: 19509.

7. Rohani A, Adil Azahary AR, Malinda M, Zurainee MN, Rozilawati H, Wan Najdah WM, et al. Eco-virological survey of Aedes mosquito larvae in selected dengue outbreak areas in Malaysia. J Vector Borne Dis. 2014; 51: 327-332.

8. Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, Barker CM. et al. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus. Elife. 2015; 4.

9. kiner MM, Demirci B, Babuadze G, Robert V, Schaffner F. Spread of the Invasive Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea Region Increases Risk of Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Outbreaks in Europe. PLos Negl Trop Dis. 2016; 10.

10. Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE. Zika Virus Spreads to New Areas - Region of the Americas, May 2015-January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016; 65: 55-58.

11. Juliano SA. Species interactions among larval mosquitoes: Context dependence across habitats gradients. Annu Rev Entomol. 2009; 54: 37-56.

12. Murrell EG, Damal K, Lounibos LP, Juliano SA. Distributions of Competing Container Mosquitoes Depend on Detritus Types, Nutrient Ratios, and Food Availability. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2011; 104: 688- 698.

13. Daugherty MP, Alto BW, Juliano SA. Invertebrate carcasses as a resource for competing Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2000; 37: 364-372.

14. Clements AN. The biology of mosquitoes: Development, nutrition and reproduction. CABI Publishing, Eastbourne, UK. 2000.

15. Darriet F. Des moustiques et des hommes. Chronique d’une pullulation annoncée. IRD Éditions, collection Didactiques, Marseille, France. 2014.

16. Statistica. Windows statistical software, version 10, Stat Soft France. 2011.

17. Raymond M, Prato G, Ratsira D. Probit and Logit Analysis Program, version 2.0. Praxme, Biometric, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France. 1997.

18. Darriet F, Corbel V. Aedes aegypti oviposition in response to NPK fertilizers. Parasite. 2008; 15: 89-92.

19. Darriet F, Zumbo B, Corbel V, Chandre F. [Influence of plant matter and NPK fertilizer on the biology of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)]. Parasite. 2010; 17: 149-154. 

20. Mouchet J, Giacomini T, Julvez J. [Human diffusion of arthropod disease vectors throughout the world]. Sante. 1995; 5: 293-298.

21. Dommergues Y. La biologie des sols. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, France. 1968.

22. Minard G, Mavingui P, Moro CV. Diversity and function of bacterial microbiota in the mosquito holobiont. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 20: 146.

23. Juliano SA, Lounibos LP. Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. Ecol Lett. 2005; 8: 558-574.

24. Bagny L, Delatte H, Quilici S, Fontenille D. Progressive decrease in Aedes aegypti distribution in Reunion Island since the 1900s. J Med Entomol. 2009; 46: 1541-1545.

25. Bagny-Beilhe L, Arnoux S, Delatte H, Lajoie G, Fontenille D. Spread of invasive Aedes albopictus and decline resident Aedes aegypti in urban areas of Mayotte 2007-2010. Biol Invasions. 2012; 14: 1623-1633.

Darriet F (2016) Development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae Feeding on the Plant Material Contained in the Water. Ann Community Med Pract 2(1): 1014.

Received : 28 Oct 2016
Accepted : 26 Nov 2016
Published : 28 Nov 2016
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X