Loading

Annals of Community Medicine and Practice

I Expect the Doctor to Listen– It Could be Something Uncommon- Parents’ Recall of a Factual Worrying Infection Episode of their Preschool Child

Research Article | Open Access

  • 1. Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 2. Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
  • 3. Health Care Centre of Linero/Östra Torn in Lund and the Primary Health Care Region Skåne, Sweden
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Adriana Maria Ioan, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Inga Marie Nilssonsgata 46, plan 2, 21428 Malmö, Sweden; Tel: 4640336925
Abstract

Objectives: To explore parents’ dread related to their ill child and elucidate anxious parents’ attitudes.

Methods: Qualitative study using answers in a questionnaire inquiring for parental memory recall of a worrying episode of infection of their preschool child.169 preschool children 3-5 years of age from nine preschools in Malmö, Sweden, participated in spring 2009.

Results: A total of 117/169 (69 %) shared their concerns. 20 % stated they had never experienced an infection episode that worried them. Remembered episodes occurred equally often when the child was newborn (0-3 months of age), >3-12 months and older (>1-5 years of age).Common symptoms created anxiety, such as fever, coughing and vomiting. Uncommon diseases, namely ileus, fever seizures, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, hip arthritis were also reported. The most anxious element was, not knowing what disease the child had. Parents wanted to see a doctor when the child was feverish and apathetic, but also simply just for being examined. They had to persuade medical staff, begging for investigations and pointing out that something was wrong with their child. Parents knew where to seek medical help, finding their way into the doctor, inspite of guarding nurses.

Conclusions: GPs ought to, besides updating their knowledge on common childhood diseases, learn more about the common of the uncommon diseases. Still, listen to the parents´ concern seems to be the wisest thing to do, capturing hints of a severe or an uncommon disease. As fever still remains the perpetuate reason to medical encounter, fever has to be demystified by health professionals.

Citation

Ioan AM, Söderström M (2016) I Expect the Doctor to Listen– It Could be Something Uncommon- Parents’ Recall of a Factual Worrying Infection Episode of their Preschool Child. Ann Community Med Pract 2(1): 1012.

Keywords

•    Child Preschool
•    Sign and Symptoms
•    Parents
•    Delivery of Health Care
•    Fever

INTRODUCTION

It can be difficult for parents’ to know when a child of their own is so ill, that it needs medical help. Some children are often ill, while others seldom are. Parents thus have different experiences of their child being ill, and may have difficulties assessing the severity of the disease and consequently become concerned [1-3]. The most common childhood illnesses are still infectious diseases [4]. In the western world, today, most parents are well educated and medical advices are available through Internet [5-7].

In the Nordic countries, all children have access to a General Practitioner (GP). GPs in Sweden do not have a gate keeping function and parents can choose to see a paediatrician at the hospital as well for everyday illnesses. Even if parents carefully consider the decision to consult a physician [8], they often already have initiated a treatment of the ill child before they seek medical help [1,6,9]. Better understanding, by the health professionals, of parents’ concerns may promote the communication with parents, making them feel satisfied and understood [2,4].

Parents’ fears and anxiousness when their child was ill have been described in several studies some years ago [2,3]. One finding was that parents remembered for several years, those illness episodes of their child that really frightened them. Thus it could be fruitful to ask parents a decade later about the fearful illness episodes. The purpose of this study was to explore what symptoms that really worried parents and to elucidate parents’ experiences with an ill child.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data collected was a part of a larger project concerning the health of 169 preschool children carried out at nine public preschools in Malmö, Sweden, in May 2009 [10,11].

In the study, the parents answered a questionnaire concerning their child’s health. The following open-ended question was posed: “Tell me about a factual episode when your child had an infection that really worried you. What did you do to handle the situation?” Parents were encouraged to answer it as detailed as possible, and to write a short essay of a factual worrying infection episode the child had had. In this way we used the memory method, based on the German sociologist Frigga Haug’s theory [12]. The written memories are used with the purpose to create distance and space for parental reflection, in order to explore and study parents’ experiences and points of interests.

Analysis

The text was systematically analysed according to Giorgi’s phenomenological method, modified by Malterud [13]:

  1. All answers were assembled and read to get an overview;
  2. “Meaning units” were identified and systematically coded into the categories: “Never experienced an episode + Time of the factual episode”, “Management + Self medication”, “Worrying symptoms” and “Worries, medical encounter, outcome”.
  3. The contents of each category were abstracted, decontextualised and condensated.
  4. The contents were recontextualized and summarized.
RESULTS

52/169 (31%) provided no answer to the posed question, leaving 117 participants eligible for this analyze, which is a response rate of 69%. Equally response rates were found between parents of girls (70%) and of boys (69%). Parents provided long sentenced answers with detailed explanations, but also just brief words, very similar to a telegrammed text.

It emerged that the episode of illness engendering parental concerns, occurred at any time during the childhood so far, equally many among infants (zero - one year) as among children older than one year (Figure 1). The analysis of the text gave the following dimensions.

Perplexity of parents -”This has not happened yet”!

23/117 (20%) of the responding parents reported that they have never been distressed, since their child had not suffered from an infectious episode of illness or from other disease that had caused them great anxiety.

“She has never been that ill. My child has never had any infections as far as I know and I cannot recall him being ill.”

Recalled diagnoses and symptoms that worry parents

Parents mentioned specific medical diagnoses and symptoms, as well common as uncommon ones, the most common being otitis, colds, asthma, and vomiting diseases (Table 1). Symptoms that make parents anxious are first of all fever, coughing and breathing problems (Table 2).

When the parent is baffled: to initiate actions or let the illness run its natural course - that is the question

Parents are very distressed when their child is ill. While some parents try to stay calm, waiting for the symptoms to alleviate, apprehensive parents storm into the neighbour for help. Parents find shelters among family and friends and they get personal advice from friends who are doctors. The most alarming element is lack of knowledge and doubtfulness, not knowing what kind of disease the child is having.

”After persuading the nurse, we could come into the doctor. Terrible, we did not know what it was; we thought she was going to die. We rushed into the neighbours’ flat (nurse). Myself, I work within the medical service so I am probably not that easy stressed out.”

Parents look after their beloved ill child in the same way they would be taken care of if they were ill themselves. Some stay at home with the ill child, not letting it attend day care until it is in good health again. The child is supervised all the time and parents make sure the child is resting and eats well. Parents consider that the child has to get essential and suitable food down, in order to recover. Parents sit up late in the evening and watch over the child, sleep with it and they take turns to watch it. Parents pay careful attention to their sick child and they stay near it, and assure themselves that it will be all right in time. They try to reduce the temperature by letting it sleep in a chilled environment and they also stay outdoors with it. Some parents keep a careful check on the hygiene and eventually take away the teat.

Some collect advice from friends and relatives and acquire information from Internet and from medical books. One parent mentions that his child needs few medications in order to get well again. Others administer antipyretics (paracetamol) to the ill child on a schedule basis. Some declare that they use their intuition and give the child pap or liquids with the spoon several times during an hour. Others relate that they wait for the episode to pass or take the situation with reason. Some are of the opinion that caring for an ill child is hard work and an economical burden.

Parents assess the child’s regaining of health by taking notice of its wellbeing and state of happiness. Happiness is the first noticed positive sign. In parents’ opinion this implies that the child is healthy.

Overt motives for a medical examination and the confusing encounter with health professionals

The child is seen by health professionals when it obviously is very ill, but also just for being examined. Parents get in touch with the medical service on the phone, enquiring information and help with the ill child, before they decide to see a physician at the health care centre or at the child emergency clinic at the hospital.

“They did not say, but we went to the child emergency clinic and there they said inflammation of the ear. Then I felt very unsecure and worried that the health care centre could do so wrong. It did not help, begged for tests and investigations. Got pneumonia, which was not diagnosed until after three visits at the doctor’s. I was obstinate and had to stick to one’s guns that something was wrong and that it was not just a usual cough. Trusted the medical service (at the paediatric emergency clinic), just a bell button press away. Was received with kindness at the emergency clinic. Calmed by the professional help”.

Parents relate their disappointment with the ward when they experience the health care centre acting wrongly, although parents point out that something is wrong with their child. Parents consider the first encounter with health professionals dissatisfactory, if they do not receive the expected help or they feel rejected. Other medical operators are then sought for, until parents are given an appropriate explanation or a specific diagnosis, in order to find out what disease their child is suffering from. In several instances, parents must be firm, insisting that their child is ill and assert that the child’s symptoms must be taken into consideration. In such cases, the medical professional is encountered several times before the child is diagnosed.

Medical services are experienced as a great support and parents follow the given advice. They feel secure when they are favourably received and content when reliable professional medical staff ready to help surrounds them. Parents are less worried when their problems are smoothly solved.

Table 1: Diagnoses with belonging symptoms as remembered by parents describing a worried episode of their preschool child.

Diagnoses Symptoms Number of individuals
Otitis Eardrum perforation, pus running out, ear pain, crying 16
Vomiting diseases and gastro-enteritis Vomiting, loose stools for long time, ate and drank very little and could hardly keep his food and liquids 13
Cold Pus in the eyes, phlegm  9
Pneumonia Fever  6
Falsecroup Viral blisters in the throat, wheezing breathing, woke up in the night, coughing  5
Respiratory syncytial virus infection Woke up in the night, wheezing breathing, difficult breathing, could not inhale air, pushy breathing very often, coughing  4
Tonsillitis    3
Varicella    3
Bronchitis Coughing  2
Cold asthma    2
Viral infectionNUD Sagging, exhausted, in a serious condition  2
Aphtos stomatitis Pain in mouth, were feeling very bad  1
Impetigo    1
Foot and mouthdisease    1
Salmonella    1
HenochSchönleinpurpura Red spots on the lower legs, awkward walking  1
Parasite infection Worms infested in the thigh  1
Asthma Coughing  1 
Ileus The child’s life was in danger  1
Lactoseintolerance    1
Hip-artritis Limping, pains  1

Table 2: The occurrence of symptoms of preschool children that worries parents.

                 Symptoms Number of individuals
                     Fever            17
                  Coughing             7
                Fever convulsion             2
         Wheezing, difficult breathing             2
    Enlarged lymph-nodes on one side of the neck             1
              Difficult to wake up             1
  Sudden infection that made the child slack like a rag             1
             Green coloured coryza             1
           Difficult with the saturation             1
                      Snoring             1
            Allergic reaction on penicillin             1
          Food stuck in the throat             1

 

DISCUSSION

The main findings of this analysis are that parents describe worries of children suffering common infectious diseases. A variety of rather uncommon diseases are also recalled. This forms the base for the first core concept, formulated as “Knowing the common of the uncommon diseases”.

Parents describe many ways to access medical service. They seem to manage their sick child very carefully, according to the books and with intuition. Parents recall health professionals that do not listen to them, leaving the child undiagnosed with both common an uncommon disease. This forms the base for the second core concept, formulated as “Listen to the parents - an old-fashioned rule in modern flashy medicine”.

Parents are still worried of fever, the most common symptom of infectious diseases as well as the reason to contact the health service, and they regard fever as a threat to children’s wellbeing. This forms the base for the third core concept, formulated as “Fever – to fear and to act Knowing the common of the uncommon diseases”

Although 20% of the participating parents stated that their child never had been ill, in the remaining small group of 94 children, several uncommon diseases had occurred besides the many common infectious illnesses. This finding surprised us. In a welfare society with good preventive child health care and children coming from good socioeconomic conditions, severe diseases do occur less frequently than among socioeconomically burden children [14]. It could be reflected upon, if the many uncommon diseases are an effect of the increased occurrence of global travelling among children or a change in the immune competence due to better hygiene. Most GPs in the Nordic countries may serve a child population of the size that participated in this study and thus there is a great opportunity of seeing an ill child with an uncommon illness. But we do not see them anymore. May be, too many parents go past the GPs directly to other specialists when their child is sick, with both common and uncommon diseases. As a result, the GP looses skills in the encounter with children and thus in identifying the uncommon diseases. When parents omit GPs in favour of other specialists, too many children with uncomplicated diseases are gathered in the waiting rooms at the children’s hospital emergency ward. We found that some parents could not at all recall a worrying episode of illness in their child, and that these parents were not aware that the child had had any infections at all. It could be reflected upon whether these parents’ children had good health or if the children’s illnesses were ignored. Other parents stated that their children had not had any infections yet – we ask if they somehow expect it to happen. Such parental beliefs and expectations are worth exploring in future studies. However, the proportions of children that never have been ill harmonize with the proportion found in Norway [15]. It could be of interest to study this healthy proportion of children, to find why they stay healthy during these years. Does it depend on an individual factor of the child, such as the immune system, or on a family factor that creates a healthy environment for the child?

Consistent with international findings children in our study were reported to have a similar constellation of symptoms and common childhood diseases. However, we found that among the common childhood illnesses, there prevailed other more uncommon diseases and symptoms [2,15-16]. In a list of the 200 most common paediatric problems encountered by paediatricians [16], we found some, but not all, of the uncommon diseases children in our study were reported to have had. In order to learn more about common childhood diseases, but also to keep updated on the uncommon, a medical doctor should look through such lists, especially nowadays, when Internet has become a central source of health information even for health professionals. New diseases are emerging as families of today are living globally. They travel around the world with their small children. Examples of such emerging diseases are infections with Cryptosporidium [17], multi-resistant bacteria or infection by the moose throat botfly Cephenemyia ulrichii larvae [18]. Continual medical education is the common way to update medical knowledge. Although children today seldom are severely ill, the GP should update his/her knowledge of the common of the uncommon childhood diseases in order to identify them and to find the proper level of care. Beyond that, the consultation process with the parents and the sick child is a very important arena for getting the idea of an uncommon disease, in order to catch the right diagnosis.

Listen to the parents. An old-fashioned rule in modern flashy medicine

It emerged from our study that parents demanded to be listened to, in order to receive a proper examination. Contrasting the findings of Voigt et al., [19], we found cases where parents had to put much effort to obtain a medical evaluation of their ill child. Parents in our study experienced the health care centre as a stronghold, because there, they had to insist on having their ill child examined – in the mean time, the emergency ward at the hospital was always open, thus, an alternative service to gain access to medical help. It may reflect the situation for parents in Sweden, where GPs do not function as gatekeeper to specialists. In Denmark, all inhabitants have been assigned a GP. But even so, the parents in Denmark are worrying and describe episodes with a non-listening doctor [7].

The well-educated parents in our study were skilled in recognizing changes in behaviour of their child. They seemed to be involved in the health decision and they strongly wanted to be active in treating the child. They knew where to seek information and where to turn when they needed help. Even so, it was troublesome for many of them to get what they wanted from the health care system and especially from the primary health care. Parents can transmit their anxiety to their child. Allaying parental concerns, making them feel secure, helps reduce child’s fear, thus creating a positive feedback loop [20]. But why do parents have to negotiate with health professionals to accomplish an examination for their child? Ignoring parents’ statements and contributions to the anamnesis, enhances their discontentment and creates more fears. It makes it probably more difficult for the doctor to find the right diagnosis and to give the accurate treatment, which is detrimental for the ill child. Health professionals should welcome parents who fight for a diagnosis for their ill child. A parent child centred consultation style in the encounter may also reduce parents’ fear of the child´s illness and lay the base for the doctor to find both uncommon diseases and severe infections.

Fever –to fear and to act

Even if the parents described how they looked after their ill child, the perpetuate threat eliciting great parental concern, was fever. The parents were from the middle class and they had professional duties that required them to enrol the child at preschools. They well knew of how to manage a childhood illness, due to better-acquired knowledge and contacts with the health services and they knew how to access medical help. They had different concerns and worries, than the disadvantaged parents described by Kai [2-3]. Parents in our study frequently administered antipyretics to the feverish child in order to combat the fever, while disadvantaged parents in Kai’s study performed cooling procedures and were afraid of fever becoming a threat to the child. Meningitis never emerged as a threat to the parents in our study, while this was common among the mothers in Kai’s article.

One may wonder why fever still is a problem for well-educated parents of ill children. Maybe medication of a feverish child alleys parents’ anxiety and gives them a feeling of mastering the inconvenient situation of dealing with an ill child. Parents’ fear of fever can also be reflected upon as a new challenging experience. They do not know how the new feverish episode will end. This reaction obviously encourages parents to pay close attention to their ill child and fight for a diagnosis when necessary. Informing parents about the essence of fever and fever reactions even today ought to be an important doctor’s mission too as a trebled incidence of antipyretic overdosing has been reported over the last two decades [6].

CONCLUSION

When parents recall a worrying illness episode, the most common diseases (otitis, cold, gastroenteritis) are reflected upon. But still the experience of uncommon diseases was frequent in such a small group of healthy preschool children with good access to health care. Thus, general practitioners should still be updated on the common of the uncommon diseases. The study revealed that the well known and old advice “listen to the parents” still is an important mission in the medical encounter, in order to both get precision in the diagnose and in management of the illness episode. Even if fever is the infection symptom that worries parents most frequently, parents give proof of competent management of their sick child.

Strengths and limitations of this study

Even if we asked, for an infectious disease episode, parents reported from the most worrying episodes as well, many of who were not primarily of infectious origin.

The strength of our study is the increased internal validity through on-going analyse and discussion between the authors. The prevention not to confuse our presuppositions with knowledge obtained from the material and affirming our pre-study beliefs early at the beginning of the study is another potential of our project. Even though we studied a relatively small group, our work has been consistent in in-depth-analysing what it had to describe and tell about the specific matter in question. The participants in this study come from the same city, but from two different areas in the city, which gave a small variation in socioeconomic positions of the parents that are enriching the material. With a larger group of disadvantaged parents, the number of uncommon and severe diseases reported would have been even higher. However, even if the majority of the parents had university education, the habits to write an essay may be more difficult today, as most parents use computers that elucidate use of pencil and paper.

REFERENCES

1. Lagerløv P, Helseth S, Holager T. Childhood illnesses and the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen): a qualitative study of parents’ management of common childhood illnesses. Fam Pract. 2003; 20: 717-723.

2. Kai J. What worries parents when their preschool children are acutely ill, and why: a qualitative study. BMJ. 1996; 313: 983-986.

3. Kai J. Parents’ difficulties and information needs in coping with acute illness in preschool children: a qualitative study. BMJ. 1996; 313: 987- 990.

4. André M, Hedin K, Håkansson A, Mölstad S, Rodhe N, Petersson C, et al. More physician consultations and antibiotic prescriptions in families with high concern about infectious illness--adequate response to infection-prone child or self-fulfilling prophecy?. Fam Pract. 2007; 24: 302-307.

5. Lagerløv P, Loeb M, Slettevoll J, Lingjaerde OC, Fetveit A. Severity of illness and the use of paracetamol in febrile preschool children; a case simulation study of parents’ assessments. Fam Pract. 2006; 23: 618- 623.

6. Walsh A, Edwards H. Management of childhood fever by parents: literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 54: 217-227.

7. Ertmann RK, Reventlow S, Söderström M. Is my child sick? Parents’ management of signs of illness and experiences of the medical encounter: parents of recurrently sick children urge for more cooperation. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2011; 29: 23-27.

8. Ertmann RK, Söderström M, Reventlow S. Parents’ motivation for seeing a physician. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2005; 23: 154-158.

9. Jensen JF, Tønnesen LL, Söderström M, Thorsen H, Siersma V. Paracetamol for feverish children: parental motives and experiences. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2010; 28: 115-120.

10. Boldemann C, Dal H, Mårtensson F, Söderström M, Raustorp A, Pagels A, et al. Preschool outdoor play environment may combine promotion of children’s physical activity and sun protection. Further evidence from Southern Sweden and North Carolina. Sci Sports 2011; 26, 72-82.

11. Söderström M, Boldemann C, Sahlin U, Mårtensson F, Raustorp A, Blennow M, et al. The quality of the outdoor environment influences childrens health -- a cross-sectional study of preschools. Acta Paediatr. 2013; 102: 83-91. 

12. Haug F. Female sexualisation: A Collective Work of Memory. London. Verso.1987.

13. Malterud K. Kvalitativa metoder i medicinsk forskning (Qualitative methods in medical research), Lund. Student literature, 1998.

14. Halldórsson M, Cavelaars AE, Kunst AE, Mackenbach JP. Socioeconomic differences in health and well-being of children and adolescents in Iceland. Scand J Public Health. 1999; 27: 43-47.

15. Lagerløv P, Holager T, Westergren T, Aamodt G. Brukav paracetamol ogantibiotikablandtførskolebarn (Use of paracetamol among preschool children). TidsskrNorLegeforen. 2004; 124: 1620-1623.

16. D’Alessandro D, Kingsley P. Creating a pediatric digital library for pediatric health care providers and families: using literature and data to define common pediatric problems. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002; 9: 161-170.

17. Davies AP, Chalmers RM. Cryptosporidiosis. BMJ. 2009; 339: b4168.

18. Jaenson TGT. Larver av nässtyngfluga i ögat – ovanligt men allvarligt problem. Fall av human oftalmomyiasisfrån Dalarna ochsydöstra Finland redovisas Larvae of the moose throat botfly in the eye – uncommon but serious problem. Case of human oftalmomyiasis from Dalecarlia and southeast Finland described. Läkartidningen. 2011; 108: 928-930.

19. Voigt RG, Johnson SK, Hashikawa AH, Mellon MW, Campeau LJ, Williams AR, et al. Why parents seek medical evaluations for their children with mild acute illnesses. Clin Pediatr. 2008; 47: 244-251.

20. Clinch J, Dale S. Managing childhood fever and pain--the comfort loop. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2007; 1: 7

Ioan AM, Söderström M (2016) I Expect the Doctor to Listen– It Could be Something Uncommon- Parents’ Recall of a Factual Worrying Infection Episode of their Preschool Child. Ann Community Med Pract 2(1): 1012.

Received : 26 Feb 2016
Accepted : 31 Mar 2016
Published : 04 Apr 2016
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X