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Annals of Community Medicine and Practice

Surveillance of Populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) Mosquitoes at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Research Article | Open Access

  • 1. Vector Control Department, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire
  • 2. Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire
  • 3. Expanded Program of Immunization, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire
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Corresponding Authors
Lucien Konan Yao, National Institute of Public Hygiene, PO Box V14, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, Tel: 225 2125 9254/78; Fax: 225 2124 6981
ABSTRACT

Aedes mosquitoes are highly invasive and can survive in temperate as well as tropical climates. They transmit a number of major world’s deadly diseases. A monitoring of potential vectors of arboviruses initiated in Abidjan in 2009-2010 allowed noting the presence of Aedes albopictus at the autonomous port of Abidjan. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Aedes populations and assess the potential health risks.

All emerging adults from eggs collected by ovitraps were Aedes aegypti. The analysis of environmental factors reveals that the presence of vegetation around ovitraps significantly influences its use by mosquitoes. Furthermore, human activity also promotes the use of ovitraps installed nearby. Eight different potential breeding habitats were found. Tarpaulins (36.7%) were the predominant potential breeding habitats followed tires (30.4%). Aedes aegypti has infested 88.7% of total positive habitats. Larvae of Culex and Anopheles have colonized respectively 7.5% and 3.8% of positive habitats. The most productive Aedes aegypti larval habitats were found to be tarpaulins and cavities of concrete electricity posts producing 47.6 and 30.7% of pupae respectively.

Port health authorities should develop an appropriate action plan to control the density of mosquitoes and minimize potential risks to global health with emphasis on vector surveillance.

KEYWORDS

•    Aedes mosquitoes
•    Entomological surveillance
•    Port
•    Côte d’Ivoire

CITATION

Yao LK, Atioumounan BK, Kouadio DE (2017) Surveillance of Populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) Mosquitoes at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Ann Community Med Pract 3(2): 1021.

INTRODUCTION

With the expansion of transport, the area of distribution of Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes albopictus is constantly changing with worrying risks for public health [1-2]. In areas where this invasive mosquito has established itself, local transmission of arbovirus infections has been observed [3-4]. Additionally, despite efforts to contain the disease, yellow fever continues to be a threat in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America. The number of cases has increased the last two decades due to the decreased immunity of population, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change [5]. In 2013, Africa recorded 84,000 to 170,000 severe cases of yellow fever with 29,000 to 60,000 deaths [5]. This disease is also an important risk for travelers who go in endemic areas. Exposure to infective mosquito bites is the only significant mode of transmission of yellow fever.

Côte d’Ivoire has a history profoundly marked by yellow fever [6-9]. However, the country experienced a long period without outbreaks, for about two decades after the introduction of yellow fever vaccine into the Expanded Program of Immunization in 1983 [10]. In 2001, an outbreak occurred in Abidjan, the economic capital of the country. Despite immunization of 2.6 million people raising the vaccine coverage to 92.2% [11], the city of Abidjan was faced again with the co-circulation of yellow fever virus and DENV-3 in 2008 [12]. The surveillance of potential vectors of arboviruses, initiated in certain points of the city of Abidjan to strengthen monitoring of potential epidemic diseases, allowed the detection of the presence of Ae. albopictus at the container terminal of the autonomous Port of Abidjan [13]. Originally considered as rural vector [14], this mosquito has adapted well to urban environments with larvae now breeding in artificial containers and has become an important and sometimes sole vector in urban areas [15-17]. The establishment of this species could increase the transmission of arboviruses, hence the necessity to see if it had become established after its discovery at the Port of Abidjan. Moreover, as per the International Health Regulations Act [18], all international airports/seaports and peripheral areas up to 400 meters should be kept free from Aedes mosquito breeding or indices should be kept less than one to eliminate the chance of spreading of disease or vectors to any part of the world. Therefore, intensified surveillance was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Aedes mosquitoes at the seaport of Abidjan and the risk according to areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study site

The city of Abidjan, economic capital of Côte d’Ivoire with a population of over six million, is located in the southern part of the country (5°19’N, 4°01’W). The city comprises 10 municipalities and has an international airport and the largest seaport of the subregion after that of Lagos. At the heart of the city lies Banco Forest, a national park of 3474 hectares of rain forest. The climate is tropical which records temperatures of low amplitude (25°C to 30°C), a high humidity (80 to 90%) and abundant rainfall (1300 to 1600 mm). The major rainy season is from April to July and the shorter season is from October to November. The major dry season starts from December to March and a shorter one occurs from August to September [19-20].

The Autonomous Port of Abidjan is located in three areas of Abidjan: Plateau, Treichville and Port Bouet. The Port operates three docks, oil stations at sea, and several terminals including a container terminal, a fruit terminal, a timber terminal and a fishing port.

In this study, the timber terminal, the parking lot where second-hand vehicles are parked, the empty container lot and an adjacent undeveloped neighborhood were selected to monitor of populations of Aedes at the Port of Abidjan (Figure 1).

Location of collection sites at the autonomous port of Abidjan  (Côte d’Ivoire).

Figure 1: Location of collection sites at the autonomous port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire).

Method

Entomological monitoring of Aedes mosquitoes was undertaken at the seaport of Abidjan from April to December 2014 using the ovitraps method and larval surveys. Ten ovitraps were installed in each site in order to collect Aedes eggsand their location recorded. The environment around each ovitrap was described by the presence or absence of vegetation, of breeding site, of human activity and of shade. The nature of the drop shadow (wall/tree) and the type of human activity were also noted.

Wooden paddles of each ovitrap were collected every 10 days and packed in individual labeled plastic bag and taken to the laboratory. At each collection, the water of the ovitrap was transferred and renewed. At the laboratory, paddles were dried on a table covered with mosquito netting to prevent additional egg laying by wild mosquitoes. After drying, paddles were individually immerged for 2 days in bowls labeled with the name of the site and location, containing 200 ml of water, 3 times successively separated by 5 days of drying. The larvae hatched in the laboratory and those found in ovitraps were counted and reared to adults. All mosquitoes that emerged were identified using the morphological identification keys [21] and morphological descriptions of African Aedes species [22]. The number of adults was recorded for each collection point. A larval survey that consisted of a search for the presence of immature populations of Aedes in breeding containers was conducted once a month. Immature mosquitoes were collected from each positive breeding site by using dipping and pipetting methods, preserved in identified jars and brought to the insectary. Larvae and pupae were counted, reared, and treated in the same way as above. The productivity of each type of container was estimated for those which harbored pupae of Aedes [23-24].

Statistical analyses

Data were analyzed using the software XLSTAT 2014.4.06. Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling, Lilliefors and Jarque-Bera normality test have been performed to see data distribution. As the distribution of data was not normal, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by multiple pair wise comparison was employed to compare the productivity of collected sites and points. The Steel-Dwass-Critchlow-Fligner procedure was used to compare the collection areas as well as specific collection points. A generalized additive model was used to identify the environmental factors related to the effctiveness of ovitraps using binomial distribution with Statistica Software version 10.

RESULTS

A total of 2460of emerging adults was obtained of which 79.1% by ovitraps and 20.9%by larval surveys.

OVITRAP COLLECTIONS

All emerging adults from eggs collected by ovitraps were Aedes aegypti with 48.2% of females of which 19.4% were collected at the undeveloped neighborhood, 21.4% at the empty container lot, 28, 5% at the timber terminal and 30.7% at the parking lot of second-hand vehicles. Considering the non-significant mortality of larvae during their rearing, the number of adult obtained by site was compared. The average number of adult mosquitoes obtained per site varied from 2.22 to 3.51 mosquitoes/ovitrap with a non-significant difference from one site to another (Table 1).

Table 1: Comparison of collection sites at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) according to the average number of adult mosquitoes obtained by ovitrap from April to December 2014.

Collection site

Observation

Average number of adult mosquitoes

Standard deviation

Sum of ranks

Mean of ranks

Groups

Underdeveloped  neighborhood

170

2.218

4.903

55470,500

326,297

A

Empty park of containers

170

2.453

6.295

57326,500

337,215

A

Second-hand vehicle

170

3.512

9.066

59233,500

348,432

A

Timber terminal

170

3.265

9.254

59509,500

350,056

A

Multiple pairwise comparisons using the Steel-Dwass-Critchlow-Fligner procedure / Two-tailed test.

However, the average number of adults recorded per collection point varied according to the site. It has been statistically identical to all collection points of the underdeveloped neighborhood and second-hand vehicles unlike the two other collection sites (Table 2).

Table 2: Average number of adult mosquitoes by ovitrap at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from April to December 2014.

Collection Points

Underdeveloped  neighborhood

Park toempty containers

Park of second-hand vehicles

Timber terminal

Mean ± Standard deviation

Groups

Mean ± Standard deviation

Groups

Mean ± Standard deviation

Groups

Mean ± Standard deviation

Groups

Ovitrap 1

2.05 ± 3.99

A

1.17 ± 2.53

A

B

2.52 ± 5.80

A

1.93 ± 2.69

A

B

Ovitrap 2

4.05 ± 7.05

A

0.23 ± 0.56

A

 

5.11 ± 8.38

A

3.62 ±7.18

A

B

Ovitrap 3

3.47 ± 7.06

A

2.35 ± 5.87

A

B

1.52 ± 2.89

A

4.06 ±7.24

A

B

Ovitrap 4

0.64 ± 1.11

A

0.23 ± 0.97

A

 

4.11 ± 9.98

A

16.62 ± 22.79

 

B

Ovitrap 5

2.76 ± 5.25

A

0.41 ± 1.69

A

 

0.29 ± 0.98

A

4.93 ± 8.45

A

B

Ovitrap 6

0.00 ± 0.0

A

0.05 ± 0.24

A

 

0.52 ± 0.94

A

1.93 ± 3.47

A

B

Ovitrap 7

3.58 ± 5.64

A

3.52 ± 7.77

A

B

2.94 ± 5.43

A

0.56 ±1.75

A

 

Ovitrap 8

0.70 ± 1.75

A

2.94 ± 6.62

A

B

3.05 ± 6.43

A

0.12 ± 0.50

A

 

Ovitrap 9

3.76 ± 6.54

A

8.00 ± 10.44

 

B

3.64 ± 8.69

A

0.18 ± 0.54

A

 

Ovitrap 10

1.11 ± 3.16

A

5.58 ± 9.62

A

B

11.35 ± 20.31

A

0.06 ± 0.25

A

 

The analysis of environmental factors reveals that the presence of vegetation around ovitraps significantly influences its use by mosquitoes unlike breeding sites and shadow. Furthermore, human activity also promotes the use of ovitraps installed nearby (Table 3).

Table 3: Environmental factors associated with the effectiveness of ovitraps for Aedes aegypti femalesat the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from April to December 2014.

 

Sum of

Squares

Degree of

Freedom

Mean Square

F

P

Intercept

1462,58

1

1462,582

25,65095

0,000001

Vegetation

319,92

1

319,917

5,61074

0,018131

Breeding Sites

42,91

1

42,908

0,75252

0,385986

Shadow

111,64

1

111,642

1,95799

0,162188

Activity

555,09

1

555,092

9,73527

0,001885

Error

38487,59

675

57,019

-

-

Univariate Tests of Significance for Number of mosquitoes. Sigma-restricted parameterization Effective hypothesis decomposition; Std. Error of Estimate: 7,551069

In this study, places of food sales, of handling or erected into mosque and housing have a positive influence on the ovitraps surrounding.

Seasonal variation of populations of Aedes aegypti

The average number of Aedes aegypti by harvest was 2.86 ± 0.29 specimens per paddle (S/Pl). The highest number (7.4 S/ Pl) was obtained at in June 2014 and the lowest (0.5 S/Pl) at in November 2014 (Figure 2).

Seasonal dynamics of the average number of Aedes aegypticollected by ovitraps at the autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from  April to December 2014.

Figure 2: Seasonal dynamics of the average number of Aedes aegypticollected by ovitraps at the autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from April to December 2014.

The collections can be divided into 3 groups. The first one with an average of between 0.5 and 1.5 S/ Pl corresponds to the harvests carried out at the end of the short rainy season and the beginning of the long rainy. The second includes the collections made during the rainy season with an average of between 1.9 and 5.6 S/Pl and the third corresponds to collections performed after the peak of rainfall with 7.4 S/Pl. 

Larval surveys

Eight types of breeding habitats were found, half of which were found at the park of second-hand vehicles. Tarpaulins (36.7%) were the predominant potential breeding habitats followed tires (30.4%) (Table 4).

Table 4: Breeding habitats of mosquitoes found on the Port area of Abidjan from April to December 2014.

Types of container

Underdeveloped neighborhood

Park to empty containers

Timber terminal

Park of second-hand vehicles

TOTAL

 

N

Mosquito larvae

Aedes larvae

N

Mosquito larvae

Aedes larvae

N

Mosquito larvae

Aedes larvae

N

Mosquito larvae

Aedes larvae

N

Mosquito larvae

Aedes larvae

Accessoires of vehicle

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

2

2

2

Tarpaulin

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

1

27

24

20

29

25

21

Security helmets abandoned

0

0

0

2

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

1

Bucket of machine

0

0

0

4

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

2

1

Tires

2

2

1

10

6

6

0

0

0

12

8

7

24

16

14

Concrete electricity posts

0

0

0

8

5

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

5

5

Abandoned containers (<2L)

1

0

0

2

0

0

5

2

2

0

0

0

8

2

2

Abandoned containers (>5L)

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

TOTAL

3

2

1

29

15

15

7

3

3

40

33

28

79

53

47

N: Number of Potential Breeding Habitats

Overall, 67.1% (n = 79) of breeding habitats were found positive for mosquito larvae with 59.5% for Aedes aegypti. The park of second-hand vehicles had the highest percentage of positive breeding habitats. Among the containers, the most colonized by Aedes aegypti were respectively the accessories of vehicle (100%, n = 2), tarpaulins (72.4%, n = 29), concrete electricity posts with water in cavities (62.5%, n = 8) and tires (58.3%, n = 24). Larvae of three species of mosquitoes were collected. All different breeding habitats were found to have breeding of Aedes aegypti. However, larvae of Culex were found in tires and tarpaulins and those of Anopheles in tarpaulins. The most productive Aedes aegypti larval habitats were found to be tarpaulins and cavities of concrete electricity posts producing 47.6 and 30.7% of pupae respectively (Table 5).

Table 5: Productivity Aedes aegypti breeding sites on the port area of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from April to December 2014.

Type of containers

Number of containers

Positive containers for Ae aegypti

Number of pupae

Productivity

Accessoires of vehicle

02 (2.5%)

02 (4.3%)

00

00

Tarpaulin

29 (36.7%)

21 (44.6%)

79

47.6

Security helmets abandoned

02 (2.5%°

01 (2.1%)

00

00

Bucket of machine

04 (5.2%°

02 (4.3%)

02

1.2

Tires

24 (30.1%)

14 (29.8%)

31

18.7

Cavity of concrete spots

08 (10.1%)

05 (10.6%)

51

30.7

Abandoned containers (<2L)

08 (10.1%)

02 (4.3%)

03

1.8

Abandoned containers (>5L)

02 (2.5%)

00

00

00

Total

79 (100%)

47

166

 

Percentage in parenthesis

Four adult species of mosquito were obtained from larval rearing (Table 6). Ae. aegypti was the most abundant species with more than 83% of the emerged mosquitoes.

Table 6: Number of given species (and percentage) of mosquitoes adult from larvae collected at the port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) from April to December 2014.

Species

Underdevelopedneighborhood

Park toempty containers

Timber terminal

Park of second-hand vehicles

Total

Aedes aegypti

2

150

6

271

429 (83.5)

Anopheles gambiae

0

0

0

13

13 (12.5)

Culex cinereus

0

0

0

8

8 (1.6)

Culex quinquefasciatus

0

0

6

64

64 (2.5)

Total

2 (0.6%)

150 (29.3)

12 (2.3)

349 (67.9)

514

Percentage in parenthesis

Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx. cinereus and An. gambiae s.l. were represented respectively 12.5%, 1.6% and 2.5% of the total of emerging adults. More than 68% of these mosquitoes come from larvae collected at the park of second-hand vehicle, 28.8% at the park of empty container, 2.3% at the timber terminal and 0.6% at the precarious neighborhood.

DISCUSSION

In this study, only Aedes aegypti was collected by ovitraps on the port area of Abidjan with an average number of adult comparable on the different collection sites. Results reveal that the risk bound to this vector is identical on all port area. The continued presence of workers at the port would provide opportunities to females to feed and lay egg in the surrounding breeding sites due to their low dispersion. This would explain the preference of ovitraps installed near places used as places of rest or as mosque. According to Reiter et al. [25], Rodhain [26], and Edman et al. [27], the flight distance of Aedes aegypti in urban areas depends on the availability of hosts and breeding sites. The potential breeding habitats mainly consisting of discarded materials (tarpaulins, tires, helmet) and working equipment stored (loader buckets, concrete electricity posts) were more numerous at the park of second-hand vehicles then at the park to empty containers. Tarpaulins have been the dominant breeding habitats. Vijayakumar et al. [29], also found tarpaulins among breeding habitats of mosquitoes identified in Thiruvananthapuram, India. Nearly two-thirds of the identified breeding habitats were colonized by mosquitoes with the predominance of Ae. aegypti. Similar observations were made by Getachew et al., at Dire Dawa (East Ethiopia) [30]. Two other species, Cx. quinquefasciatus (16%) and An. gambiae (6%) were encountered, the first in the tires and tarpaulins and the second in tarpaulins, unusual breeding site for this species. This latter species was found in sunny breeding sites at the park of second-hand vehicles.

The productivity of breeding sites revealed that tarpaulins, concrete electricity posts, and discarded tires are respectively the most important breeding sites because they have been source of production of 47.8%, 30.7% and 18.7% of the populations of Aedes aegypti respectively. Their poor management is the main cause of their used by mosquito. In the study of Vijayakumar et al. [29], the most efficient containers in terms of breeding of Aedes were tires, followed by grinding stone, tarpaulin and metal containers. Port authorities should pay particular attention to this mosquito in managing the risk of transmission of diseases with epidemic potential. Mosquito breeding at the seaport is not just a simple local health problem but also a serious threat to global health security. Moreover the possible of introduction of invasive species and the permanent presence of workers in the port area are a significant risk for the transmission of arbovirus infections or their spread. Management measures are therefore essential to control the density of this vector below the level of disease-transmission level, which could be achieved by removal of the major breeding habitats in order to reduce not only the risk of autochthonous transmission of arboviruses but also the international spread of epidemic diseases. However, it is necessary to destroy also minor breeding habitats in order to avoid any rein festation. Future research priorities are regular monitoring of mosquitoes vectors of the port area with an aim to improve knowledge of the spatial distribution data of vectors, identify of origin and phylogenetic of these vectors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the Management of Autonomous Port of Abidjan and all staff for their cooperation. Our sincere thanks also to Ziogba T Jean Claude, Adou Koffi and Koffi Konan Patrice, technicians, for their help in the completion of this work. Dr Irish, Seth (CDC/ CGH/DPDM) for proof-reading this article.

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Yao LK, Atioumounan BK, Kouadio DE (2017) Surveillance of Populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) Mosquitoes at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Ann Community Med Pract 3(2): 1021.

Received : 21 Mar 2017
Accepted : 17 Apr 2017
Published : 19 Apr 2017
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Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
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