Current Status of Genomics Research on Mycotoxigenic Fungi
- 1. USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, USA
- 2. Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, USA
Abstract
Mold-produced secondary metabolites that are toxic and carcinogenic are
termed mycotoxins. They are biosynthesized in a number of fungi, mainly from
species in the Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera. Mycotoxins contaminate
agricultural commodities such as grains, fruits and nuts. Due to their toxic and
carcinogenic properties, they pose a serious health hazard to animals and humans
and cause staggering economic losses to growers, packers, processors, and consumers
annually. Research on major mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, using molecular biological
and genetic tools has uncovered the genes, gene clusters, biosynthetic pathways, and
genetic regulatory mechanisms involved in their formation. The field of genomics has
empowered scientists with a high throughput tool to study mycotoxin biosynthesis
and regulatory networks with a new level of scientific rigor. In this paper, the current
status of genomic investigations on mycotoxigenic fungi has been summarized in order
to better understand their biosynthesis, genetic regulation, genome structure, and
evolutionary aspects. In addition, the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives
in studying mycotoxins are discussed. The information and knowledge contained in this
chapter may guide possible solutions to abate mycotoxin contamination of agricultural
commodities for human consumption and animal feed.