Loading

International Journal of Plant Biology & Research

Effect of the Fruits Type and Conservation Time in the Germination Capacity of Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. DON) Seeds Collected in Alentejo, South Portugal

Review | Open Access

  • 1. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portugal
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Orlanda Póvoa, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portugal, Tel: 351-268-628-528; Fax: 351-268-628-529
Abstract

Jacaranda is a deciduous tree from South America, used as an ornamental tree due to its abundant flowering, usually found in South Portugal. The tree also has forest interest.

Fruits were harvested in 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2017 in the city of Elvas. From the samples collected in 2013 and 2017, two fruit subsamples were obtained: a) dark brown fruits, whose maturation was reached in the previous year and b) light brown fruits, whose maturation was reached in the harvest year. In 2015, 2 subsamples were also collected: a) dark brown fruits and a mixture of all fruits types. The samples were threshed, labeled and conditioned in a refrigerator (ca. 5ºC). The germination assays were carried out at 20ºC with 12 h of photo phase. Final observations were obtained after 21 days.

The germination results ranged from 11.3% (dark brown, old fruits) to 93.5% (light brown, new fruits). The best results, without significant statistical difference between samples, ranged from 70 to 93.5%, indicating that the seeds of this species harvested in Alentejo (Elvas) have high germination capacity. In the fruit harvesting operations, it is important to separate the fruits, because in the 3 tested samples of seeds harvested in different years, the seeds obtained from light brown, new fruits, had higher germination rates (9 to 35% more), with significant statistical difference from dark brown, old fruits. The seeds harvested in 2010 maintained their germination capacity (71%) when stored in a refrigerator (ca. 5ºC) for 7 years.

Citation

Póvoa O (2018) Effect of the Fruits Type and Conservation Time in the Germination Capacity of Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. DON) Seeds Collected in Alentejo, South Portugal. Int J Plant Biol Res 6(2): 1084.

Keywords

•    Seed germination
•    Ornamental tree
•    Forest tree
•    Alentejo

INTRODUCTION

Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) is a deciduous tree of 12-15 m of height from South America, used as an ornamental tree due to its abundant flowering, usually found in South Portugal. It also has forest production potential. The plant is also used medicinally, being used for its antibacterial action against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Pakistan [1].

In south of Portugal, Alentejo region, this tree blooms in May and June [2], after which the capsules grow and remain green until August, after which they acquire an increasingly intense brown color. The seed maturation occurs the following spring being evidenced by the opening of the capsules; the capsules remain in the tree for a long time, acquiring a dark brown color due to the development of fungi. In spring, several types of capsules may be observed in the trees; recently matured, light brown, at the beginning of the dehiscence; dark brown, open capsules with varying amounts of retained seed and; very dark capsules, without remaining seeds.

The species propagates by seed. In the works of Sokolowski et al. [3], the species germinates from 10º C to 40ºC, with optimum at 25º C (with values close to 60%), although without statistical differences between 20ºC and 30ºC. In the works of Macielet al. [4], the best germination results were also obtained with a temperature of 25ºC (54% germination), although without statistical difference from the alternate temperature of 20/30ºC. Myajima et al. [5], obtained 80.3% germination in vitro with seeds harvested 5 months after fertilization.

From the practical point of view, it is more pragmatic for tree seed collectors not to triage the fruits, which can compromise the quality of seed lots, which justified this study.

The goals of this study were to evaluate the germination capacity of the seeds of the species collected in Alentejo region, taking into account the diversity of fruits that usually remain in the trees throughout the year, as well as their long term conservation in a laboratory refrigerated environment. Evaluating the influence of the collection site, namely the influence of the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean was another goal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The fruits were harvested in 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (Table 1) from 3 different gardens, all with watering systems; Seixal city as Atlantic Ocean proximity and Elva’s city as continental climatic conditions, being located inland Portugal. The samples were collected from groups of trees, except for Elvas (ESAE) sample with an individual tree.

From the two samples collected in 2013 and 2017, fruit subsamples were obtained: a) dark brown fruits, whose maturation was reached in the previous year and b) light brown fruits, whose maturation was reached in the harvest year (Figure 1). In the year of 2015 also 2 subsamples were made: a) browndark fruits, whose maturation was reached in the previous year and a sub-sample with mixture of all types of fruits.

The samples were threshed, identified and conditioned in a refrigerator (ca. 5ºC) in the Laboratory of Plant Biology of the Elvas Agrarian School of Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre

Germination tests were performed using a methodology similar to that used by Póvoa et al., and Póvoa et al [6,7]. The various germination assays were performed at 20° C with 12 h of photophasein a growth chamber. Four replicates of 100 seeds were used for each sample; the seeds were placed on 9 cm Petri dishes in top of filter paper. No seed sterilization method was used. The observations of germinated seeds were made 2 times per week. Final observations were obtained after 21 days.

The weight of 1000 seeds was estimated from weighing 4 samples of 100 seeds on a precision laboratory balance.

Data were recorded in tables in Excel software and the means, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated. The results were submitted to an ANOVA (variance analysis), using the Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference Test (Tukey’s test), using 0.05 level of significance, for comparison and separation of means, both performed with the STATISTICA version 8.0 program [8].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Although the visual appearance of the seed samples are similar to naked eye, seed germination was markedly different. The best germination result was 93.5% (fresh fruits) (Table 2,3). The new fruits have seeds that germinate better than the old fruits, with highly significant statistical difference; the ‘mixed’ fruits, without separation of old and new fruit subsamples, have seeds that germinate better than the old fruits, with significant statistical difference.

The seeds harvested in Elvas in April of 2015 germinated worse than the others, with significant statistical difference; most likely due to the fact that this sample contains a mixture of all the fruits present in the trees, with predominance of old fruits. No differences were found in the germination capacity of seeds harvested in 2015 at Seixal (coast of Portugal) when compared to Elvas (Portugal inland).The productive conditions from mother plants, namely variation on local climatic conditions during different collection years, influence seed germination and seed dormancy [9]. Further collection sites should be tested in future to reinforce these results.

It is concluded that the germination results of this species depend on the sample, and can vary from 11.3% (worse result, with old fruits) to 93.5% (best result, with new fruits).

Germination begins 3 days after the beginning of the trials, with the majority of seeds germinating in the first 7 days (Figure 2).

In the works of Sokolowski et al., Maciel et al. [3,4], (20%), the best germination results (54%) were obtained with the temperature of 25°C, although without statistical difference of other temperatures (20°C, 30°C and 20/30°C). The results obtained in the present work (the best result was 93%) exceed these bibliographic germination. Myajima et al. [5], obtained 80.3% germination in vitro with seeds harvested 5 months after fertilization. The best results of the present study exceed the best results of all the cited bibliographic references.

In the fruit harvesting operations, it is important to separate the fruits, because in the 3 samples of tested seeds harvested in different years, the seeds obtained from new fruits obtained superior germination (35% more), with a high significant statistical difference from the old fruits. The partial separation of fruits, eliminating the older fruits, also resulted in germination gain (15.3%), as evidenced by the results of germination of the sample harvested in Elvas city in 2015.

It has been established long ago that fungi deteriorate seed quality during storage [10,11] fungus also contribute to seed deterioration after seed maturation, especially on years with long periods of rain. However, some fungus may reduce seed coat hardness and increase germination [12]. Insects may also interact with fungus, contributing to seed deterioration when the harvest is delayed [13].

Our results put in evidence that Jacaranda mimosifolia seed quality decreases when harvest is delayed, thus old fruits should be removed during seed collection.

The seeds harvested in April 2010 and stored in a refrigerated environment maintained the germination capacity until 2017 (71.3%), without statistical difference from the seeds harvested in 2017 (90.7%).

It is possible to maintain the germination capacity of the seeds of this species in a refrigerated environment (about 5ºC) for at least 7 years.

The weight of the seeds (Table 4) is variable with the sample, on average 1000 seeds weighs 8.47 g; the seeds of the 2010 harvest and the seeds of the aged fruits of 2015 were lighter, differing statistically from the remaining 2 samples.

CONCLUSION

The results of germination ranged from 11.3% (dark brown, old fruits) to 93.5% (light brown new fruits). The best results, without significant statistical difference between samples, ranged from 70 to 93.5%, indicating that the seeds of this species harvested in Alentejo (Elvas) have high germination capacity, surpassing the values published in the consulted bibliography.

No differences were found in the germination capacity of seeds harvested in Seixal (coast of Portugal) when compared to ESAE - Elvas (Portugal inland).

In the fruit harvesting operations, it is important to separate the fruits, because in the 3 samples of tested seeds harvested in different years, the seeds obtained from new fruits obtained superior germination (35% more), with a highly significant statistical difference in relation to the old fruits.

The weight of the seeds is variable with the sample, on average 1000 seeds weighs 8.47 g; 1 kg has on average 12087.6 seeds.

he seeds harvested in 2010 maintained their germination capacity (71%) when stored in a refrigerator (ca. 5ºC) for 7 years.

REFERENCES

1. Nisar MF, Jaleel F, Waseem M, Ismail S, Toor Y, Haider S, et al. Ethno-medicinal uses of plants from district Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Curr Res J Biol Sci. 2014; 6: 183-190.

2. Moreira ME. Estudo Fitogeográfico do Jardim Braancamp Freire (Lisboa). Finisterra. 1998; 33: 1998.

3. Socolowski F, Takaki M. Germination of Jacaranda mimosifolia (D. Don-Bignoniaceae) seeds: effects of light, temperature and water stress. Braz arch boil technol. 2004; 47: 785-792.

4. Maciel CG, Bovolini MP, Finger G, Pollet CS, Muniz MFB. Evaluation of temperatures and substrates on the germination of Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. Floresta e Ambiente. 2013; 20: 55-61.

5. Miyajima I, Kato A, Hagiwara JC, Mata D, Facciuto G, Soto S, et al. Promotion of immature seed germination in Jacaranda mimosifolia. Hort Sci. 2005; 40: 1485-1486.

6. Póvoa O, Farinha N, Generoso V. Medicinal pastures: Germination assessment of Chicory (Cichorium intybus) seeds collected in Alentejo, South Portugal. ISHS Acta Horticulturae. 2011: 213-219.

7. Póvoa O, Farinha N, Claré C. Adaptação ao cultivo de oregão (Origanum vulgare L.) na região de Elvas. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. 2017; 40: 59-70.

8. StatSoftinc. Statistica (data analysis software system), version 8.0. 2007.

9. Andersson L, Milberg P. Variation in seed dormancy among mother plants, populations and years of seed collection. Seed Sci Research. 1998; 8: 29-38.

10. Christensen CM. Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Bot Rev. 1957; 23: 108-134.

11. Harman GE, Granett AL. Deterioration of stored pea seed: changes in germination, membrane permeability and ultrastructure resulting from infection by Aspergillus ruber and from aging. Physiol plant pathol. 1972; 2: 271-276.

12. Delgado-Sánchez P, Jiménez-Bremont JF, de la Luz Guerrero-González M, Flores J. Effect of fungi and light on seed germination of three Opuntia species from semiarid lands of central Mexico. J Plant Res. 2013; 126: 643-649.

13. Obopile M, Hammond RB. Effects of delayed harvest on soybean seed quality following bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pod injury. J Kansas Entomol Soc. 2001; 74: 40-48.

Received : 25 Nov 2017
Accepted : 02 Feb 2018
Published : 05 Feb 2018
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X