Loading

International Journal of Plant Biology & Research

Identification and Inheritance of “Cleisto” Genes in Pigeonpea and Their Significance in Producing Genetically Pure Seed

Research Article | Open Access | Volume 8 | Issue 1

  • 1. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, India
  • 2. ICAR RCER Research Centre, India
  • 3. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, India
  • 4. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, India
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Arbind K. Choudhary, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 800 014, India, Tel: 0612-2223962; Fax: 0612-2223956
Abstract

Free filaments of anthers (polyadelphous stamens) and other associated traits such as elongated keel petals wrapped over the wings and the standard considerably delay opening of floral buds, ensuring total self-fertilization in a pigeonpea genotype, ICPL 87154. Inheritance of free filaments and other associated traits of ICPL 87154 were studied in the F1, F2, BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations of its two crosses with high-yielding long-duration pigeonpea varieties, IPA 203 and Bahar. The results suggested that free filaments of anthers in the genotype ICPL 87154 are controlled by double recessive “cleisto” genes, pct1pct1 pct2pct2. Backcross derived advance breeding lines with such selfing attributes showed zero per cent natural outcrossing, thus spontaneously sustaining their genetic purity. Two such lines (RCEA 14-1 and RCEA 14-5) with yield potential comparable to the high yielding parent (IPA 203) were selected for further use.

Citation

Choudhary AK, Bhavana P, Datta D, Saxena KB (2020) Identification and Inheritance of “Cleisto” Genes in Pigeonpea and Their Significance in Producing Genetically Pure Seed. Int J Plant Biol Res 8(1): 1116.

Keywords

•    Cajanus cajan
•    Double recessive genes
•    Free filaments
•    Inheritance
•    Pigeonpea
•    Self-fertilization

ABBREVIATIONS

DT: Determinate; NDT: Non-Determinate; F1 : First Filial Generation; BC: Backcross Generation; F2 : Second Filial Generation; F3 : Third Filial Generation; RCBD: Randomized Complete Block Design; SAS: Statistical Analysis System

INTRODUCTION

Maintaining the genetic purity of released cultivars, breeding lines, and germplasm is a perennial problem in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. This problem was recognized as early as 1908 by pigeonpea breeders at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa (Bihar) when they observed a large variation within the progenies of selected single plants [1]. They concluded that this intra-row variability was due to natural crosspollination affected by a range of flying insects which forage on pigeonpea flowers. This problem persisted for over a century, but no permanent solution was in sight for multiplying genetically pure seed economically. Hence, both the breeders as well as seed growers invariably resorted to the use of physical isolations or insect-proof nets to produce quality seed. Such practices not only add to inefficiencies in breeding and seed management, but also require additional resources [2,3]. For a long time the pigeonpea breeders were on the lookout for a genetic solution to this perennial constraint. In this context, Saxena et al. [4], selected a floral modification from a cross involving a cultivated variety T 21 and Atylosia lineata (now Cajanus lineata). During the next year, Saxena et al. [5], identified a similar floral modification, named as “cleistogamous flower” from a segregating population of an inter-specific cross involving Cajanus albicans and Pant A2. In the preceding cleistogamous flowers, the flower opening was delayed by 2-3 days, allowing almost total self-pollination. This paper besides describing the floral morphology and inheritance of cleistigamy also reports the extent of outcrossing under natural field conditions. The outcome of breeding efforts made to introgress the “cleisto” genes (cleistogamous trait) in some elite inbred lines through backcrossing is also briefly described.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seeds of a determinate (DT) cleistogamous line ICPL 87154 were acquired from International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru (Telangana). In this study, non-determinate (NDT) genotypes (dominant markers) were used as the indicator of cross-pollination on the DT (recessive) plants of ICPL 87154. During 2009-10 and 2010- 11 rainy seasons, ICPL 87154 was grown at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur in 100m2 plot, and it was surrounded by NDT pigeonpea genotypes as contaminators to determine the extent of natural cross-pollination at this location. In the subsequent seasons of the sowings, counts were made for NDT natural hybrid plants within the population of ICPL 87154. These observations (data not reported) showed no incidence of cross-pollination in ICPL 87154 at Kanpur.

Encouraged with the results, it was decided to study the inheritance of cleistogamous trait and incorporate it into two long-duration popular pigeonpea cultivars Bahar and IPA 203, widely grown in the north-east plains of India (Table 1). These cultivars have normal flowers, and are prone to high natural cross-pollination [3]. These two cultivars were crossed (including reciprocals) with ICPL 87154 for studying its inheritance and to develop high yielding inbred lines with cleistogamous trait through backcrossing using the two cultivars (Bahar and IPA 203) as recurrent parents. The F1 hybrids were grown during 2011-12. To obtain pure F2 seed, two plants within each cross were self-pollinated by covering them with nylon net (110 × 90 cm2 ) with 2 mm mesh size. In addition, four plants within each cross were also used to develop BC1 F1 populations. In 2012-13 rainy season, the parents, F1 , F2 and backcross populations were grown with recommended spacing (75 × 25 cm2 ) and agronomic package and practices. At full flowering stage, in each population counts were made for normal and cleistogamous flower type plants. The segregation data were subjected to the standard chisquare test [6].

To develop inbred lines with cleistogamous flowers, the backcross populations were advanced to produce BC1 F2 seeds. These BC1 F2 populations were grown during 2013-14 and selfed to produce BC1 F3 populations. During 2014-15, the BC1 F3 populations were grown at the Regional Centre, Darbhanga (Bihar) under ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna. From these populations, 20 single plants (each within NDT and DT) with cleistogamous flowers and matching morphological attributes with the recurrent parents were selected at flowering stage, and these were harvested separately. Based on seed yield, only 10 progenies (each within NDT and DT) along with IPA 203 as the control were evaluated for natural out-crossing and productivity during 2015-16. 

For studying natural out-crossing, every plant within each entry was examined for the two flower types. For other agronomic traits, data were recorded on ten competitive plants within each plot. Two NDT and one DT backcross derived cleistogamous lines were assessed for productivity during the rainy seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 along with leading longduration varieties (Table 4) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Research Centre, Plandu (Ranchi, Jharkhand). Data were recorded for seed yield (t/ha), number of seeds /pod and 100 seed weight (g). Pooled analysis of data recorded on backcross derived lines and other check varieties during 2016- 17 and 2017-18 was performed using Statistical Analysis System [7] available at the Indian NARS Statistical Computing Portal (Indian NARS Statistical Computing Portal; http://stat.iasri.res. in/sscnarsportal).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Morphological description of cleistogamous flower

The advance breeding line ICPL 87154 with DT growth habit and cleistogamous flowers was selected from an F2 population derived from an inter-specific cross between Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (cv. T-21) and Atylosia (= Cajanus) lineata W. & A. [4]. In the cleistgamous flower (Figure 1), standard, wings and keels are wrapped with one another; this configuration leads to substantial delay in the opening of flower. In addition, keels of cleistogamous flowers are slightly enlarged, and all the ten stamens are in polyadephous (free at the base) configuration as compared to normal flower which have diadelphous (9+1) stamen configuration. As all the ten stamens of cleisto flowers are free, they fail to individually push the petals (keels, wings and standard) during the process of opening of flower buds. Moreover, wrapping of petals with one another provide many fold hindrance to foraging honeybees species (eg., Apis dorsata and Apis indica), which trip to pigeonpea flowers to eat pollen and/or to collect nectar [8]. These features of cleistogamous flowers collectively make themselves highly unattractive to both pollinivore and nectarivore insects, leaving little chance for genetic contamination through insect aided natural outcrossing in pigeonpea.

Inheritance of cleistogamous trait

All the F1 plants derived from crosses IPA 203 × ICPL 87154 and Bahar × ICPL 87154 displayed complete dominance of normal flower over cleistogamous trait. Plants from the reciprocal crosses also showed the similar results, suggesting the absence of maternal effect on the expression of this trait. In F2 generation, all the four populations segregated into normal and cleistogamous type plants (Table 2), fitting well to 15 normal: 1 cleistogamous ratio (P=0.20-0.90) indicating that the expression of cleistogamous flower was controlled by two recessive alleles. The normal flower was controlled by two duplicate dominant genes.

The backcross progenies of the two cross with ICPL 87154 showed a segregation pattern of 3 normal: 1 cleistogamous ratio (P=0.20≤0.95). This indicated that the cleistogamous parent (ICPL 87154) was homozygous recessive at both the loci, and its backcrosses led to the observed 3 (diadelphous):1 (polyadelphous) ratio for stamen configuration. The study proved that the modified floral trait was controlled by two recessive genes, and for these the gene symbol pct1pct1 pct2pct2 are assigned. Saxena et al. [4], while deciphering genetics of “partial cleistogamy” in a similar study, reported that free stamen trait was governed by a single recessive gene pct. It appeared that the normal parents (ICPL 1, ICPL 87 and ICPL 85076) used in their study carried only one of the two duplicate genes, and hence the F1 ’s were heterozygous at only one locus, leading to identification of only one of the two recessive genes.

The F2 populations derived from the cross involving the two normal parents (IPA 203 and Bahar) had all normal flowers, implying that both the parents carried the same dominant alleles for this character (normal flower, diadelphous stamens). The backcross progenies with both IPA 203 as well as Bahar had all plants with normal flowers confirming further the role of duplicate dominant alleles for the expression of normal flower. Thus both IPA 203 and Bahar seemed to contain duplicate dominant alleles in homozygous (Pct1Pct1 Pct2Pct2) condition. In the present study, a total of 102 plants with free stamens (47 in F2 + 55 in backcross generations) were observed in the segregating generations. However, none of the plants having free stamens (polyadelphous configuration) had normal keel and normal orientation of petals. As the free stamen trait was associated with slightly enlarged keel petals and the standard petal wrapped over wings and keels, the associated traits could be due to “pleiotropic” effects of the same recessive genes

Productivity of backcross inbred lines

The performance of 20 backcross derived NDT and DT cleistogamous progenies was compared with the check varieties IPA 203 and Bahar for yield and seed size. The best two NDT cleistogamous lines RCEA 14-1 (1790 kg/ha) and RCEA 14-5 (1798 kg/ha) and one DT cleistogamous line RCEA 14-6 (1720 kg/ ha) produced similar quantities of grains to that of the best check variety IPA 203 (1810 kg/ha) during 2015-16. These were selected for further evaluation in station trials during 2016-17 and 2017- 18. In these trials, the two NDT cleistogamous lines consistently performed at par with the check varieties for yield (Table 3). On the contrary, Choudhary [9] while summarizing his findings on selfing vs. open pollination reported the presence of weak/ leaky form of self-incompatibility in pigeonpea, and opined that incorporation of selfing trait (cleistogamous trait) could result in yield penalty in pigeonpea. For seed size, the cleistogamous lines were found segregating, and showed a conspicuous range (7.5 to 11.5 g/100 seeds), indicating opportunity of further selection for enhancing seed size. In addition, some shrivelled seeds were also observed in RCEA 14-1 and RCEA 14-5. Yadav et al. [10], also reported that cleistogamous trait was associated with shrivelled seeds, and stressed the need to break this undesirable linkage to have superior cleistogamous lines with acceptable grain size and productivity.

Out-crossing study

For maintenance of these cleistogamous lines (RCEA 14- 1, RCEA 14-5 and RCEA 14-6) and the check variety IPA 203, no isolation was provided. It was interesting to note that these cleistogamous lines (except RCEA 14-1 during 2015-16) showed zero percent natural out-crossing compared to IPA 203 (Table 4). The progeny of individual off type plant selected that appeared in the population of RCEA 14-1 during 2015-16 was grown in the succeeding generation. However, no segregation for floral variation was observed. Therefore, it could be assumed that it might be due to mechanical mixing that occurred during threshing. These three cleistogamous lines are presently maintained through open pollination at the Research Centre, Ranchi. However, other workers have reported 0.16 to 2.67% and 0.14 to 1.33% natural out-crossing in similar cleistogamous lines in India (3 locations) and Sri Lanka (2 locations), respectively compared to the extent of 6.34 to 19.64% in the control genotypes [11].

GENERAL DISCUSSION

Genetic purity is an important access to breeders to achieve high success rate in breeding cultivars and thereafter in multiplying the seed of elite varieties and genetic stocks. In pigeonpea, it is an expensive business due to high rates of genetic contamination caused by uncontrolled insect-aided natural cross-pollination. It occurs at almost every pigeonpea growing area, but its extent may vary from place to place due to various biological and local ecological factors [8].

Since the pedigree breeding is the prime method to develop new cultivars, selection of phenotypically promising single plants is the key activity. This process may adversely be affected by natural out-crossing in the selected plants because this may produce heterotic natural hybrid plants in the succeeding generations. This will not only influence the breeder’s choice of selection in field but also produce unrealistic data, reduce heritability and adversely affect the breeding value of the selections. Besides these difficulties in breeding, the maintenance of genetic purity of commercial seed is very important. If it is not addressed adequately, then released cultivars will lose the key traits for which they were bred. Disease resistance, for example, is one of the key traits in pigeonpea, which is controlled by recessive alleles. It can be safely assumed with an average outcrossing of 20 to 25%, it will take only 1-2 generations of openpollination to destroy the potential of such cultivars and cause huge losses in the productivity [12].

The logical approach to address this issue is to search a genetic solution. In this context, the incorporation of floral modification reported herein, is the step in the right direction. This trait is rather simply inherited, and its incorporation in pigeonpea breeding materials will be easy. This trait is independent of key yield traits. A weak association reported here with seed size, can easily be taken care of by following appropriate selection schemes. Alternatively, the latest genomics tools can also be used through molecular breeding. Yadav et al. [10], have recently produced a high density molecular map and located genes controlling both cleistogamy as well as seed size in pigeonpea.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the cleistogamous trait was able to control the natural out-crossing in pigeonpea. It showed simple digenic (pct1pct1 pct2pct2) inheritance, and its incorporation in breeding materials could be achieved easily. Considering the difficulties faced by breeders and seed producers, it is highly desirable to incorporate this trait through backcross breeding to achieve a permanent solution to the problem of genetic contamination in pigeonpea.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Genetically pure seed obtained from the ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana (India) is gratefully acknowledged. We express our gratitude to Dr Surjit Mondal, ICAR RCER, Patna for facilitating data analysis. Resources provided by the Directors of the respective institutes (IIPR, Kanpur and ICAR-RCER, Patna) are fully acknowledged.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

AKC and KBS conceived the idea. KBS provided seeds of cleistogamous line ‘ICPL 87154’. AKC and DD developed various generations. DD, AKC and PB conducted trials during respective years at IIPR, Kanpur, RC, Darbhanga and RC, Ranchi, respectively. AKC, DD and PB drafted the MS. AKC and KBS went through the MS, and edited the final version of the MS.

REFERENCES

1. Howard A, Howard GLC, Khan AR. Studying the pollination of Indian Crops I. Memoirs. Dept Agric (Botany Series). 1919; 10: 195-200.

2. Saxena KB. Seed production systems in pigeonpea. Technical Bulletin, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2006; 44.

3. Choudhary AK, Nadarajan N. Breeding improved cultivars of pigeonpea in India. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2011; 3-11.

4. Saxena KB, Ariyanayagam RP, Reddy LJ. Genetics of a high-selfing trait in pigeonpea. Euphytica. 1992; 59: 125-127.

5. Saxena KB, Singh L, Ariyanayagam RP. Role of cleistogamy in maintaining genetic purity of pigeonpea. Euphytica 1993; 66: 225- 229.

6. Strickberger MW. Genetics, 3rd Ed (2nd Reprint). Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1996; 131-132.

7. Statistical Analysis System. Indian NARS Statistical Computing Portal. 2006

8. Saxena KB, Tikle AN, Kumar RV, Choudhary AK, Bahadur Bir. Nectarivore-aided hybridization and its exploitation for productivity enhancement in pigeonpea. Intl J Scient Res Publ. 2016; 6: 321-331.

9. Choudhary AK. Effects of pollination control in pigeonpea and their implication. J Food Leg. 2011; 24: 50-53.

10. Yadav P, Saxena KB, Hingane A, Sameerkumar CV, Kandalkar VS,Varshney RK, et al. An ‘Axion Cajanus SNP Array’ based high density genetic map and QTL mapping for high-selfing flower and seed quality traits. BMC Genomics 2019; 20: 235-244.

11. Saxena KB,Jayasekera SJBA, Ariyaratne HP,Ariyanayagam RP, Fonseka HD. Frequency of natural out-crossing in partially cleistogamous pigeonpea lines in diverse environments. Crop Sci. 1994; 34: 660-662.

12. Green JM, Sharma D, Saxena KB, Reddy LJ, Gupta SC. Pigeonpea Breeding at ICRISAT. Presented at the Regional Workshop on Tropical Grain Legumes, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. 1979; 28.

Choudhary AK, Bhavana P, Datta D, Saxena KB (2020) Identification and Inheritance of “Cleisto” Genes in Pigeonpea and Their Significance in Producing Genetically Pure Seed. Int J Plant Biol Res 8(1): 1116.

Received : 15 Feb 2020
Accepted : 04 Mar 2020
Published : 06 Mar 2020
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X