Loading

International Journal of Plant Biology & Research

Phytomanagement: A Realistic Approach to Soil Remediating Phytotechnologies with New Challenges for Plant Science

Mini Review | Open Access

  • 1. Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Switzerland
  • 2. Laboratory of plant and fungal Science, Lille University Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, France
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Michael WH Evangelou, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, Tel: +41446327402; Fax: +41446331123
Abstract

Phytoremediation, the use of plants and associated microorganisms to eliminate environmental damage or threats posed by environmental pollution, never managed to live up to its expectations, because of long-term restrictions in land use. The recently developed phytomanagement bypasses this drawback by incorporating the aspect of economic revenue production into phytoremediation. Phytomanagement regards contaminated soils not as a problem but as an economic opportunity and a valuable resource that should be used sustainably. The product variety ranges from timber and pulp, over fodder and fertilizers up to pharmaceuticals. Phytomanagement could thus not only offer ecological benefits but offer also economic relief to communities that live near contaminated sites. Plant research could assist in achieving that goal by identifying new marketable plant species, by developing new crop management schemes (e.g. intercropping) and by developing new transgenic plants.

Citation

Evangelou MWH, Deram A (2014) Phytomanagement: A Realistic Approach to Soil Remediating Phytotechnologies with New Challenges for Plant Science. Int J Plant Biol Res 2(4): 1023.

Keywords

•    Biomass
•    Phytoremediation
•    Soil contamination

ABBREVIATIONS

EDTA: Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid; KOW: Octanol Water Partition Coefficient; PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyl; TE: Trace Elements.

INTRODUCTION

Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless. Phytoremediation can be applied to both organic and inorganic pollutants, present in solid substrates, liquid substrates, and the air [1]. In the past years of phytoremediation development the following areas have been the main focus of research: phytoextraction (the removal of pollutants), rhizofiltration (their extraction from aqueous solution), phytotransformation (their metabolization and degradation) and phytostabilisation (their immobilization) [2].

Initial estimates of the phytoremediation market by Glass [3] considered phytoremediation to have a market potential worldwide of 34–54 billion US dollars. Virtually none of the market potential has been materialized. The reason for this lies in the fact that although it has very low operational costs, the phytoremediation process is often very time consuming thus, the costs or the loss of revenue (opportunity costs) from longer-term restrictions can be very high [4]. By adding value to the plants used for remediation and/or risk mitigation the opportunity costs can be reduced [5] and the time to decontaminate the soil becomes less important [6]. This is the concept of phytomanagement.

Phytoextraction: a dead end

The basic idea that plants can be used for environmental remediation is very old and cannot be traced to any particular source. This idea was possibly aided by the discovery of hyper accumulators by botanists throughout the centuries. By definition, a hyper accumulator must accumulate at least 100 mg kg-1 (0.01% dry wt.) Cd, As, 1000 mg kg-1 (0.1% dry wt.) Co, Cu, Cr, Ni or Pbor 10,000 mg kg-1 (1% dry wt.)Mn [7]. Unfortunately, the majority of the hyper accumulator species had slow growth and limited biomass production, thus they had an insufficient metal removal efficiency to remediate contaminated soils [8]. The next step was to use plants with high biomass plants such as tobacco, corn, sunflower etc., which however could not accelerate the extraction process [9,10], because these plants did not have the same propensity as the hyperaccumulators to accumulate TE. Thus, the increase of availability of TE to plant roots had become the key factor in deciding phytoextraction efficiency. This could be achieved with synthetic chelating agents such as ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) which has already been used for more than 50 years to supply plants with micronutrients in both soil and hydroponics. Unfortunately, although the applied chelating agents were able to increase TE concentrations in plant shoots, a series of experiments showed that the mobilised metal fraction exceeded the actual plant uptake by 2-3 orders of magnitude [11,12], thus increasing the risk of further displacement in the depth, and even their leaching into groundwater or surface water [13-15]. A possible mean of avoiding the above mentioned drawbacks of synthetic APCAs seemed to be found when biodegradable chelating agents such as ethylene diamine disuccinate (EDDS) or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were utilized. Many studies displayed a significant increase in TE uptake [16,17], they however did not investigate the TE leaching risk. It has also been shown that TE leaching by EDDS application can be very low, however if the EDDS rate is not high enough, the TE accumulated in plant shoots can be insufficient for an effective phytoremediation within an acceptable time frame[18]. Furthermore, although studies have shown that although TE leaching is lower compared to EDTA due to the degradation of EDDS [19] the degradation rates are still too low, [12,20] so that TE leaching could still occur. Additionally, the annual application of chelating agents, especially for time frames of 10-20 y can become very costly [13] and the production of biomass for economic revenue should be considered in order to compensate partially the operation cost[18]. Thus, phytoextraction has reached a point where the risks outweigh the benefits [11,21] and a change in strategy isnecessary. This has become also visible in the structural and conceptual development of phytoremediation companies in the last decade. Many companies which remediated solely by phytoextraction went out of business, while others teamed up with engineering companies. Companies such as Ecolotree have moved from phytoremediation into phytostabilisation (e.g. prevention of contaminant leaching), while others such as BioplantaInc. found additional sources of income, such as bioenergy or the extraction of active compounds from plants to boost profits.[2]

Phytotransformation: a promising start and successful applications

In the case of phytotransformation the progress was more promising. The importance of plant associated microorganisms in degrading/transforming organic pollutants and reaching the goal of irreversible conversion of pollutants into harmless substances was quickly seen [22]. This is especially important for hydrophobic organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) with an octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) >4, where the uptake by plants is very low and the organic pollutants tend to adsorb to soil particles, and/or inside of root cell membranes limits thus limiting their transfer into the xylem. Plant species affect microbial community structure and composition in bulk soil, which subsequently has an influence on the degradation rate of targeted organic pollutants. In the case of PCB, Austrian pine (Populusnigra) and willow (Salix caprea) [23], as well as N. Tabacum [24] displayed high PCB degradation rates. For organic pollutants with Kow values of 1-4, such as trichloroethylene, which has a Kow of approximately 2.5 the loading of the xylem is very high. Trichloroethylene is absorbed, to a large extent volatilised, but also to some extent transformed and mineralized [25-27].

Phytostabilisation: a different focus

Owing to the limitations of phytoremediation, especially in the field of phytoextraction, the aim of reducing the risk arising from soil contaminants by inactivation and immobilization (phytostabilisation) through plant exudates, soil stabilisation and withdrawal of transpiration water through plant roots, [6] began to gain more prospective. This change of concept had resulted in different desired plant characteristics. In phytoextraction high accumulation efficiency was desired, whereas in phytostabilisation plants should preferably exclude the targeted contaminants. The success of the phytostabilisation concept has been demonstrated in studies, such as by Robinson et al. [28,29], where hybrid poplars enhanced evapotranspiration from a wood-waste, thus reducing B leaching. However, the concept was not yet complete, as the economic aspect was missing.

Phytomanagement: bringing the economics into phytoremediation

Phytomanagement does not see contaminated environmental compartments as a problem but rather as an opportunity to produce economic revenue by using them to produce mainly non-food products while mitigating the risk deriving from these soils/environmental compartments (Figure 1) [6]. Subsequently it would alleviate the pressure put on agricultural soil, which has nowadays to produce not only food but biofuels, bioplastics, biochar, paper and wood as well. Therefore, to maximise the potential of phytomanagement the utilized plant species, should a) have a low propensity to accumulate the contaminants of the site, b) not increase and preferably reduce the mobility of the contaminants and c) have a high socio-economic value and/or d) produce economic revenue.

The importance of the socio-economic value of the used plant species was also stressed by Pandey et al. [30], stating that plant species should be prioritized for green cover on fly ash dump sites in India, which could be used by local populations as fuel wood (Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) DC. and Acacianelotica L), as fodder (Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.) inreligious ceremonies or for making rope, baskets, broom, mats, and huts (Typhalatifolia, Ipomoea carnea).In other cases the target product may not have a direct social-economic value but it produce an economic revenue thus improving the livelihood of the surrounding people. Near Lille (France) large areas have been contaminated owing to smelter activity. These, areas were planted with poplars, willows and birches to prohibit the use of the contaminated area by the local population in order to mitigate the risk deriving from these areas, but are not used economically. The production of Zn-rich biochar intended as a slow release fertiliser could offer the people an income [31]. The same goes for the use of contaminated land for the production of bioenergy [32], and wood [33]. Verma et al. [34] showed new possibilities, which go beyond the common products. Their study showed that phytomanaged plants can be the source of several valuable aromatic chemical constituents, which are used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and aromatherapy as well as toiletry products. Further possibilities are to combine phytomanagement with Se-biofortification as proposed by Banuelos et al. [35], thus providing growers with new and innovative and economical commodities such as Se-enriched forage for animals and vegetables for humans. Nevertheless, independent of the potential product bioaccumulation should always be monitored to avoid risk on site through the deposition of contaminated biomass as well as for the consumers.

Furthermore, the economic revenue does not always have to come from products, ecosystem services such as providing a habitat for native animal species could also be seen as indirect economic revenue, as shown in the study at the Guadiamar Valley (SW Spain)[36]. The Guadiamar Green Corridor programme has the goal of providinga continuous vegetation belt for wildlife to migrate along the Guadiamar River basin between the Donana National Park in the South and the Sierra Morena mountains in the North. In the UK some fly ash deposit sites are regarded as locally valuable conservation areas for the dense birch/willow woodland with glades of orchids and ecological engineering the duration of succession on these sites may be reduced [37].

Not only has the choice of the plant species but also their biodiversity played an important role for the success of a phytomanagement project. During the development of phytoremediation, research was usually focused on the utilisation of one plant species (monocultures). Monocultures are however especially vulnerable when inadequate soils or stress conditions, such as drought and pathogens, are present. These issues should not be neglected as they are important in any sustainable system to guarantee its economic and ecological stability [4]. The use of multiple plant species can have also positive effects on the remediation of organic contaminated sites. It has the potential to increase soil degradation of PAH [38], PCB [39] or phthalic acid esters[40]. It can however also increase the uptake of trace elements such as Cd [39], which can be undesirable in the case of phytomanagement. For risk mitigation, by phytostabilisation of contaminated soil, the combined use of a few plant species might not be sufficient. In order to assure long-term sustainability, the goal should be the employment of species with different ecological functionality e.ggrasses may provide rapid growth while trees support a better soil protection againsterosion [41] as well as with contrasting life forms [42].

CONCLUSION

To make soil remediating/managing phytotechnologies viable they have to be linked to profitable production of biomass. Although, a multidisciplinary approach is required to make phytomanagement successful, research should be focused on the plant itself, in form of new plant species that can offer a variety of products, new crop management schemes as well as transgenic plants. Phytomanagement can offer socio-economically benefits by providing an alternative income to people who lost their livelihood because of the contamination.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Anette Brem for designing the tree in Figure 1.

REFERENCES

1. Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I. PHYTOREMEDIATION. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1998; 49: 643-668.

2. Conesa HM, Evangelou MW, Robinson BH, Schulin R. A critical view of current state of phytotechnologies to remediate soils: still a promising tool? ScientificWorldJournal. 2012; 2012: 173829.

3. Glass DJ. US and international markets for phytoremediation, 1999- 2000.

4. Evangelou MWH,Conesa HM,Robinson BH,Schulin R. Biomass Production on Trace Element-Contaminated Land: A Review. Environmental Engineering Science. 2012; 29: 823-839.

5. Fässler E, Robinson BH, Stauffer W, Gupta SK, Papritz A, Schulin R. Phytomanagement of metal-contaminated agricultural land using sunflower, maize and tobacco. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2010; 136: 49- 58.

6. Robinson BH, Banuelos G, Conesa HM, Evangelou MWH, Schulin R. The phytomanagement of trace elements in soil. Cr Rev Plant Sci. 2009; 28: 240-266.

7. Reeves RD, Baker AJM. Metal-accumulating plants. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean up the environment. Raskin I, Ensley BD, Editors. 1999; John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, NY. 193- 229.

8. Robinson BH, Leblanc M, Petit D, Brooks RR, Kirkman JH, Gregg PEH. The potential of Thlaspi caerulescens for phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Plant Soil. 1998; 203: 47-56.

9. Kayser A, Wenger K, Keller A, Attinger W, Felix HR, Gupta SK, et al. Enhancement of phytoextraction of Zn, Cd, and Cu from calcareous soil: The use of NTA and sulfur amendments. Environ Sci Technol. 2000; 34: 1778-1783.

10. Freitas EV, Nascimento CW, Souza A, Silva FB. Citric acid-assisted phytoextraction of lead: a field experiment. Chemosphere. 2013; 92: 213-217.

11. Evangelou MW, Ebel M, Schaeffer A. Chelate assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil. Effect, mechanism, toxicity, and fate of chelating agents. Chemosphere. 2007; 68: 989-1003.

12. Meers E, Ruttens A, Hopgood MJ, Samson D, Tack FM. Comparison of EDTA and EDDS as potential soil amendments for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. Chemosphere. 2005; 58: 1011-1022.

13. Bhargava A, Carmona FF, Bhargava M, Srivastava S. Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. J Environ Manage. 2012; 105: 103-120.

14. Saifullah, Shahid M, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Sabir M, Ahmad HR. Chapter 14 - Phytoremediation of Pb-Contaminated Soils Using Synthetic Chelates. Soil Remediation and Plants. K.R.H.S.Ö.R. Mermut Editor, 2015; Academic Press: San Diego. 397-414.

15. Gheju M, Stelescu I. Chelant-assisted phytoextraction and accumulation of Zn by Zea mays. J Environ Manage. 2013; 128: 631-636.

16. Lan J, Zhang S, Lin H, Li T, Xu X, Li Y, et al. Efficiency of biodegradable EDDS, NTA and APAM on enhancing the phytoextraction of cadmium by Siegesbeckia orientalis L. grown in Cd-contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2013; 91: 1362-1367.

17. Hseu ZY, Jien SH, Wang SH, Deng HW. Using EDDS and NTA for enhanced phytoextraction of Cd by water spinach. J Environ Manage. 2013; 117: 58-64.

18. Wang A, Luo C, Yang R, Chen Y, Shen Z, Li X. Metal leaching along soil profiles after the EDDS application--a field study. Environ Pollut. 2012; 164: 204-210.

19. Prieto C, Lozano JC, Blanco Rodríguez P, Tomé FV. Enhancing radium solubilization in soils by citrate, EDTA, and EDDS chelating amendments. J Hazard Mater. 2013; 250-251: 439-46.

20. Hauser L, Tandy S, Schulin R, Nowack B. Column extraction of heavy metals from soils using the biodegradable chelating agent EDDS. Environ Sci Technol. 2005; 39: 6819-6824.

21. Nowack B, Schulin R, Robinson BH. Critical assessment of chelant-enhanced metal phytoextraction. Environ Sci Technol. 2006; 40: 5225-5232.

22. Newman LA, Reynolds CM. Phytodegradation of organic compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2004; 15: 225-230.

23. Leigh MB, Prouzová P, Macková M, Macek T, Nagle DP, Fletcher JS. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria associated with trees in a PCB-contaminated site. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006; 72: 2331-2342.

24. Ryslava E, Krejcik Z, Macek T, Novakova H, Denmerova K, Mackova M. Study of PCB degradation in real contaminated soil. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2003; 12: 296-301.

25. Newman LA, Strand SE, Choe N, Duffy J, Ekuan G, Ruszaj M, et al. Uptake and biotransformation of trichloroethylene by hybrid poplars. Environ Sci Technol. 1997; 31: 1062-1067.

26. Shang TQ, Newman LA, Gordan MP. Fate of trichloroethylene in terrestrial plants. Phytoremediation: Transformation and control of contaminants. McCutcheon SC, Schnoor JL, Editors. 2003; Wiley-Interscience: New York. 529 – 560.

27. Strycharz S, Newman L. Use of native plants for remediation of trichlorethylene: I. deciduous trees. Int J Phytoremediat. 2009; 11: 150-170.

28. Robinson BH, Green SR, Chancerel B, Mills TM, Clothier BE. Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites. Environ Pollut. 2007; 150: 225-233.

29. Robinson B, Green S, Mills T, Clothier B, van der Velde M, Laplane R, et al. Phytoremediation: using plants as biopumps to improve degraded environments. Aust J Soil Res. 2003; 41: 599-611.

30. Pandey VC, Prakash P, Bajpai O, Kumar A, Singh N. Phytodiversity on fly ash deposits: evaluation of naturally colonized species for sustainable phytorestoration. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014.

31. Evangelou MW, Brem A, Ugolini F, Abiven S, Schulin R. Soil application of biochar produced from biomass grown on trace element contaminated land. J Environ Manage. 2014; 146: 100-106.

32. Van Slycken S, Witters N, Meers E, Peene A, Michels E, Adriaensen K, et al. Safe use of metal-contaminated agricultural land by cultivation of energy maize (Zea mays). Environ Pollut. 2013; 178: 375-380.

33. Van Slycken S, Witters N, Meiresonne L, Meers E, Ruttens A, Van Peteghem P, et al. Field evaluation of willow under short rotation coppice for phytomanagement of metal-polluted agricultural soils. Int J Phytoremediation. 2013; 15: 677-689.

34. Verma SK, Singh K, Gupta AK, Pandey VC, Trivedi P, Verma RK, et al. Aromatic grasses for phytomanagement of coal fly ash hazards. Ecol Eng. 2014; 73: 425-428.

35. Bañuelos GS, Dhillon KS. Developing a sustainable phytomanagement strategy for excessive selenium in western United States and India. Int J Phytoremediation. 2011; 13 Suppl 1: 208-228.

36. Domínguez MT, Marañón T, Murillo JM, Schulin R, Robinson BH. Trace element accumulation in woody plants of the Guadiamar Valley, SW Spain: a large-scale phytomanagement case study. Environ Pollut. 2008; 152: 50-59.

37. Pandey VC, Singh B. Rehabilitation of coal fly ash basins: Current need to use ecological engineering. Ecol Eng. 2012; 49: 190-192.

38. Sun M, Fu D, Teng Y, Shen Y, Luo Y, Li Z, et al. In situ phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil by intercropping alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and associated soil microbial activity. J Soils Sediments. 2011; 11: 980-989.

39. Wu L, Li Z, Han C, Liu L, Teng Y, Sun X, et al. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium, copper and polychlorinated biphenyls. Int J Phytoremediation. 2012; 14: 570-584.

40. Ma TT, Teng Y, Luo YM, Christie P. Legume-grass intercropping phytoremediation of phthalic acid esters in soil near an electronic waste recycling site: a field study. Int J Phytoremediation. 2013; 15: 154-167.

41. Párraga-Aguado I, Álvarez-Rogel J, González-Alcaraz MN, Jiménez-Cárceles FJ, Conesa HM. Assessment of metal(loid)s availability and their uptake by Pinus halepensis in a Mediterranean forest impacted by abandoned tailings. Ecol Eng. 2013; 58: 84-90.

42. Parraga-Aguado I, Querejeta JI, González-Alcaraz MN, Jiménez-Cárceles FJ, Conesa HM. Usefulness of pioneer vegetation for the phytomanagement of metal(loid)s enriched tailings: grasses vs. shrubs vs. trees. J Environ Manage. 2014; 133: 51-58.

Received : 14 Nov 2014
Accepted : 19 Dec 2014
Published : 21 Dec 2014
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X