# JSM Chemistry

##### Studying the Structural Properties of Lead Tetroxide Pb3o4 Doped Tin Oxide SnO2 for Different Ratios X = 0, 0.3, 0.5

Short Communication | Open Access

• 1. Department of physics, Faculty of science, Tishreen University, Syria
Corresponding Authors
Houda Sheikh Moussa, Department of physics, Faculty of science, Tishreen University, Syria
##### Abstract

Pb3O4 doped tin oxide (SnO?) transparent conducting powder was prepared by the solid state reaction method. Structural properties of the samples were investigated as a function of various Pb3O4-doping levels (x=0.0-0.3-0.5). The results of x-ray diffraction have shown that the sampIes are polycrystalline structure in tetragonal phase with preferential orientations along the (110) for SnO?.

Pure but for Pb3O4 doped SnO? change to (332). The distance between crystalline planes (d), grain size (D) and lattice parameters( a, c) and primary cell volume V were determined.The measurements also showed that the average grain size D for the pure compound of tin oxide is 11.877 nm, while the average grain size D for the dopant ratios (30,50 wt%) are respectively is (16.111, 13.116 nm), the average grain size D of sample 50% was closest to the pure tin oxide .Doping with lead oxide Pb3O4 increases the value of the crystal lattice constants a and the constant compound. Which leads as a result to an increase in the volume of the primary cell volume V when the ratios of dopant x% is increased.

##### Keywords

Powder, Lead tetroxide, Tin oxide, Solid state reaction, Structural properties

##### Citation

Khadro A, Barhoum A, Moussa HS (2023) Studying the Structural Properties of Lead Tetroxide Pb3o4 Doped Tin Oxide SnO? for Different Ratios X = 0, 0.3, 0.5. JSM Chem 10(1): 1059.

##### INTRODUCTION

Nano-crystals of semiconductor metal oxides have attracted a great interest due to their intriguing properties, which are different from those of their corresponding bulk state [1]. Tin dioxide $\small SnO_{2}$ has achieved special attention among the metal oxides, because of its wide band gap (3.6eV), optical transparency and high carrier density, thermal and chemical stabilities [2, 3].

Because of its unique electronic, optical, electrochemical and catalytical properties, it has been widely used in flat panel displays, transparent conducting electrodes, solar cells, gas sensors and rechargeable Li -ion batteries, etc [4] (Table 1). It crystallizes in the tetragonal rutile structure with space group P42/mnm. The lattice parameters a=b= 4.738 Å and c = 3.187 Å [5]. Its unit cell contains two tin and four oxygen atoms as is shown in (Figure 1). The tin atom is at the center of six oxygen atoms placed at the corners of a regular octahedron. Every oxygen atom is surrounded by three tin atoms at the corners of an equilateral triangle [6]. Lead (II, IV) oxide, also called red lead or minium, is the inorganic compound with the formula $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$. A bright red or orange solid, it is used as pigment, in the manufacture of batteries, and rustproof primer paints. It is an example of a mixed valence compound, being composed of both Pb(II) and Pb(IV) in the ratio of two to one [7]. It crystallizes in the tetragonal structure with space group P42/mbc. The lattice parameters a=b= 8.815 Å and c =6.656 Å. Lead tetroxide $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ has achieved special attention among the metal oxides, because of its wide band gap 2.2eV [8]. Lead tetroxide density is 8.3 g.cm3 melting point 500oC, molar mass is 685.6 g.mol-1 (Figure 2)

Table 1: shows result of structural values of pure $\small SnO_{2}$ sample.

 Average D/nm D /nm β / deg d /Å (hkl) 2θ /deg Samples 11.877 6.128 1.392 3.348 (110) 26.62 $\tiny SnO_{2}$  Pure 6.240 1.391 2.637 (101) 33.99 9.908 0.886 2.370 (200) 37.95 20.012 0.440 2.311 (111) 38.96 17.471 0.510 2.121 (210) 42.62 7.297 1.265 1.762 (211) 51.87 18.473 0.506 1.676 (220) 54.75 9.372 1.012 1.593 (002) 57.87 7.221 1.341 1.497 (310) 61.99 5.180 1.898 1.437 (112) 64.84 15.656 0.632 1.416 (301) 65.96 6.207 1.645 1.323 (202) 71.25 25.240 0.424 1.221 (321) 78.30

Figure 1: Unit cell of the crystal structure of $\small SnO_{2}$ Large circles indicate oxygen atoms and the small circles indicate tin atoms.

Figure 2: Unit cell of the crystal structure of $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ red circles indicate oxygen atoms and the gray circles indicate lead atoms [10].

[9]. The aim of this paper is preparing a doped metal oxide $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ (1-x) $\small SnO_{2}$(x) and characterizing by X-ray to study the structural properties.

##### EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

$\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ (1-x) $\small SnO_{2}$(x) powders (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5) were prepared by a solid state reaction method. Were accurately weighed in required proportions and were mixed and ground thoroughly using an Agate mortar and pestle to convert to very fine powders. The grinding of the mixtures was carried out for 3 hours for all the powder Samples. The ground powder samples were firing at 700o C for 3 hours (Table 2).

##### RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Structural Properties

The X-ray diffraction patterns of undoped and $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$ powders prepared with various $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.5) wt% are shown in (Figure 3-5). The XRD reveals that all samples are having polycrystalline nature with tetragonal structure and peaks correspond to (110), (101), (200) and (111). (210), (211), (220) (002), (310), (112), (301), (202) and (321) planes. The preferred orientation is (110) for pure but for $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$ powders at 30 and 50wt% doping the preferred orientation change to (332)

The distance between crystalline planes values (d) of undoped and $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$ powders are calculated by using following relation

2dsinθ=nλ                                                  (1)

where D is distance between crystalline planes (Α), θ is the Bragg angle, λ is the wavelength of X-rays (λ=1.54056 Å)

The grain size is from calculated Scherer’s equation: [11]

$\small D=\frac{0.94\lambda }{\beta \cos \Theta }$                                        (2)

where, D is the grain size, λ is the wavelength of X-ray, β is full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity in radians and θ is Bragg’s angle

The lattice constants a and c for tetragonal phase structure are determined by the relation (3) and the primary cell volume V from equation (4): [12]

$\small \frac{1}{d^{2}}=\frac{h^{2}+k^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{l^{2}}{c^{2}}$                            (3)

V=a2.c 4

Where d and (hkl) are distance between crystalline planes and Miller indices, respectively. a, c are the crystal lattice constants (Å). The calculated lattice constants a, c and primary cell volume values are given in (Table 3).

We found that the average grain size D for pure tin dioxide is 11.877 nm, while the average grain size D for similar compounds wt% (30, 50) is nm (16.111, 13.116) and the average grain size D of sample 50% was closest to the pure compound. The (Figure 6) is shown the above Starting from 0%, the average grain size D increases until it reaches 30%, then it starts decreasing until it reaches 50%. The average grain size D for the impurity $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ has a greater than value of pure compound $\small SnO_{2}$ shown in (Figure 7).

Table 2: Shows result of structural values of (0.7:0.3) SnO2:$\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ sample.

 Average D/nm D /nm β /deg d /Å (hkl) 2θ / deg Samples 16.111 20.000 0.805 110 3.348 31.001 $\small SnO_{2}$ :$\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ 0.7:0.3 22.921 0.377 112 2.457 35.867 12.000 0.210 311 2.252 40.819 13.703 0.130 421 1.984 56.556 23.841 0.462 332 1.865 61.250 9.590 0.264 220 1.676 66.029 21.700 0.264 440 1.521 70.056 13.166 0.234 413 1.887 71.559 15.454 0.036 301 1.416 78.400 20.800 0.010 202 1.323 85.159 14.759 0.295 334 1.155 87.971 5.397 0.009 212 1.256 89.255

Figure 3: XRD result of pure $\small SnO_{2}$.

Figure 4: XRD result of 30% $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$.

Figure 5: XRD result of 30% $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$.

Figure 6: Variation of the average grain size D with different ratios (x%) of $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$ powders.

Figure 7: (a) variation of the lattice constants with different ratios (x %). (b) Variation of the lattice constants c with different ratios (x %). (c) Variation of the primary cell volume V with different ratios (x %). l

We also observed from the similarity in the X-ray spectra of the samples in the peaks and directions, and this indicates that the phase of the pure sample did not change when it was mixed with lead oxide $\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ and therefore all samples contain one phase, which is the tetragonal phase.

Considering the relations (3 and 4), it is possible to calculate each of the structural parameters: the crystal lattice constants a and c and the size of the primary cell volume V as in the following (Table 4):

We observed from (Table 4) that the results indicate that doping with lead oxide increases the value of the crystal lattice

Table 3: shows result of structural values of (0.5:0.5) $\small SnO_{2}$:$\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ sample.

 Average D/nm D /nm β / deg d /Å (hkl) 2θ /deg Samples 13.116 18.473 0.003 3.318 (110) 31.013 $\small SnO_{2}$:$\small pb_{3}O_{4}$ 0.5:0.5 7.221 1.041 2.457 (220) 33.991 15.656 0.150 2.198 (112) 35.951 11.877 1.132 1.984 (310) 37.472 9.351 1.163 1.831 (311) 40.623 5.183 1.475 1.676 (411) 52.206 17.416 0.375 1.491 (421) 56.436 6.870 0.527 1.887 (402) 58.515 22.012 0.631 1.378 (332) 61.261 20.000 0.264 1.351 (220) 66.047 6.240 1.264 1.323 (440) 70.133 15.012 0.134 1.294 (413) 71.252 5.397 0.368 1.273 (301) 78.301 11.341 0.110 1.264 (202) 85.171 17.898 0.004 1.249 (523) 86.062 19.908 0.124 1.201 (212) 89.255

Table 4: Primary cell parameters of the studied samples.

 X(%) 0 30 50 a/Å 4.733 7.615 8.809 c/Å 3.185 4.735 5.271 V/Å3 71.348 274.574 409.021

constant a, c. This is because the ratio of lead ions increases in the structure of the compound. This leads to an increase in the volume of the primary cell volume V from 71.348 Å3 until it reaches the value 409.021 Å3when the dopant ratio is increased X %.

##### CONCLUSION

This paper presents a study of structural properties of $\small Pb_{3}O_{4}$ doped $\small SnO_{2}$ powders prepared by solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm that the samples have polycrystalline nature with tetragonal structure and show presence (110), (101), (200), (111), (210), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112), (301), (202) and (321) planes in pure tin oxide sample. The $\small SnO_{2}$ have preferred orientation along (110) but for all doping levels the preferred orientation change to (332) plane. The average of crystallite size is within the range [11.877-16.111 nm] for all samples. It was defined that the lattice constants a, c for all the samples

Khadro A, Barhoum A, Moussa HS (2023) Studying the Structural Properties of Lead Tetroxide Pb3o4 Doped Tin Oxide SnO? for Different Ratios X = 0, 0.3, 0.5. JSM Chem 10(1): 1059.

Received : 09 Jan 2023
Accepted : 17 Jan 2023
Published : 19 Jan 2023
##### Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
TEST Journal of Dentistry
ISSN : 1234-5678
Launched : 2014
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X