Loading

JSM Dentistry

Oral Health and Occlusion among in Moknine Preschool Children (Aged 3-5), Tunisia

Review Article | Open Access

  • 1. Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Prevention, University of Monastir, Tunisia
  • 2. Department of Orthodontics, University of Monastir, Tunisia
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Fethi Maatouk, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dento-Facial Clinical and Biological Approach Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Monastir University, Avicenne Avenue, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia, Tel: 21673461832; Fax: 21673462866
ABSTRACT

Many studies reported the importance of the deciduous dentition and its rich pathology. A close relationship was also noted between occlusion in deciduous and in permanent dentitions. A literature review reported that the flush terminal plane relationship was accepted as the norm in the complete deciduous dentition, but some authors did not support this view.

Aim: The purpose of this study conducted in Tunisian preschoolers was to assess the oral health and the occlusal patterns in primary dentition.

Material and methods: The study consisted of a cross sectional survey covering 392 preschool children; 197 females (50.3%) and 195 males (49.7%) aged from 3 to 5 years in the kindergarten of Moknine (Tunisia). Oral examination was carried out in order to assess the oral health status and the occlusion characteristics.

Results: Dental caries affected 140 children (35.7%). A mean dmft of 1.12 ± 1.97 was noted with 426 decayed teeth (mean 1.10 ± 1.0), five-missed (mean 0.01 ± 0.8) and 9 filled (mean 0.01 ± 0.05); the Significant Caries Index value (SiC) was about 5.57 ± 2.26 dmft. Among 326 children in deciduous dentition, 68.7% presented spaced teeth. The dental eruption was earlier in girls. The prevalence of malocclusion was about 24.7% and the flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition, followed by the mesial step than the distal step with 81%, 15% and 4% respectively.

Conclusion: The present paper gave an outline onto oral health status and occlusal patterns in Tunisian preschool children. The spaced dentition seemed more frequent than closed dentition and the flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition.

CITATION

Fethi M, Inès AA, Fatma M, Ali CM, Hichem G (2017) Oral Health and Occlusion among in Moknine Preschool Children (Aged 3-5), Tunisia. JSM Dent 5(3): 1097.

KEYWORDS

•    Deciduous dentition
•    Dental occlusion
•    Dental caries
•    Preschool children
•    Tunisia

INTRODUCTION

A literature review reported that, besides its aesthetic and psychological function, deciduous dentition plays a significant role in development of speech, jaws growth’s stimulation and maintenance of space for permanent dentition [1]. However, it is exposed to a rich and varied pathologies like tooth decay, trauma and anomalies of number, size and structure. Published papers also revealed that occlusion in deciduous dentition are often closely related to that in permanent dentition. The careful examination of occlusal features in children often gives an idea about the future occlusion in permanent dentition. The follow-up and the early management of slight malocclusion in children will therefore prevent the occurrence of malocclusion in permanent dentition [2]. Since the papers of Chapman (1935) [3] and later Baume (1950) [4], many epidemiological studies have been carried out to investigate the occlusal features in the deciduous dentition. It is generally agreed through these papers that the flush terminal plane relationship was accepted as the norm in the complete deciduous dentition [3,5-8]. However many authors did not support this view and concluded that the mesial step, rather than the flush terminal plane, was the most commonly observed terminal plane relationship [9,10]. Unfortunately, such studies were rare in Tunisia as in many of developing countries, so the aim of this investigation, conducted in Tunisian preschool children was to collect and analyze data about oral health status and the occlusal features in deciduous dentition.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study design

This was a cross sectional survey covering a representative preschool children sample aged from three to five years in the kindergarten of Moknine (East of Tunisia).

Ethical approval

The aim and the methodology of the study obtained the ethical approval and the authorizations by the educational and the health authorities; the parents were well informed and had given their written agreement. During the survey, children with oral diseases were referred to our paediatric dentistry department for free management according to the directives of the Tunisian National Program of Oral Health.

Sampling

Our representative sample was selected by a stratified cluster random sampling procedure. First, of 42 kindergartens stratified by district, 11 were randomly selected. Secondly, 36 children were collected in each institution. The needed sample size that depends, According to the WHO, on precision (4%) and the prevalence of oral morbidity (60%) were about 300 Children.

Sampling procedure was executed by considering the ollowing criteria of inclusion: -No dental anomalies of number (agenesis or supernumerary teeth) - No malocclusion (teeth version) because of premature loss of deciduous teeth.

Methods

A session for oral hygiene education was performed in the first contact with children. During the next meeting, a clinical examination was carried out, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria [11], to detect oral affections. Children were examined in a classroom, under daylight, with the usual dental examining instruments (dental mirror, explorer and tongue depressor); no radiographs were taken. The same investigator performed all examinations in order to avoid “inter-examiner reliability” bias. Data were recorded in a modified WHO oral health assessment form [11]. The family income was assessed from the profession of the parents. Besides the frequency of daily tooth brushing, the oral hygiene was evaluated by the simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) described by Greene and Vermillion (1964) [12]. The scores were classified into three levels: [0-1] Good oral hygiene; [1-2] fair; [2-3] Poor. The caries experience was also assessed according to WHO criteria. The decayed (d), missing (m) and filled (f) teeth index (dmft) was determined with the significant caries index (SiC). According to Bratthall [13], the SiC index was calculated by “considering the mean dmft values of the one-third of the individuals with the highest caries score”. In addition, the occlusion characteristics in deciduous dentition were recorded; notably physiologic spacing teeth and terminal molar plane, which describes the relationship, in the vertical plane of the maxillary and mandibular second primary molar. As previously defined by Baume, in the flush terminal plane, “the distal surfaces of upper and lower primary second molars lie in the same vertical plane”. While in the mesial step plane, “the distal surface of the lower primary second molar is mesial to that of the upper primary second molar” and in the distal step plane, “the distal surface of the lower primary second molar is distal to that of the upper primary second molar” [4]. As regards malocclusion assessment, the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) introduced by WHO in 1997 [11] seemed not indicated to be used in primary dentition. The occlusal index (WHO 1987) [14] was more adapted. Its three categories are defined as follow: [Normal] “absence of occlusal alterations”; [Slight malocclusion] “when one or more teeth presented disturbance of position like rotation ; or slight crowding; or spacing harming regular alignment”; [Moderate to severe malocclusion] “when there was an unacceptable effect on facial appearance; or a significant reduction in masticatory function or phonetic problems.”

Processing data

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS® Software, version 20.0, was used for data processing and statistical analysis. The Pearson chi-squared test was calculated to compare the different percentages and type I error risk was set at 5% level of significance.

RESULTS

As shown in Table 1, the sample included 392 children; 197 females (50.3%) and 195 males (49.7%). The gender ratio was 1.005 and the mean age of participants was 4.36 ± 0.7 years. The majority of them had a middle family’s income (55.5%). With respect to the teeth brushing and the oral hygiene, we noted that of the children involved in the survey, 316 had a toothbrush (80%), but only 265 (67.6%) used it twice a day in average (1.93 ± 2.49 times a day). These rates seemed overestimated because only 27.3% of children had a good oral hygiene.

A significant statistical relation was observed between the rate of tooth brush possession with family income; in fact, this rate was lower in children from lower income family (chi2 = 12.53, p0.05). In addition, there was not a difference of oral hygiene according to age or according to gender (Table 2). The findings related to the caries experience showed that 140 children (35.7%) were affected. This prevalence varied with oral hygiene, 50% of affected children had a poor oral hygiene (chi2 =17.06, p3. No significant difference was found by age, gender and family income between children above and below 3 dmft (Table 2). Besides, the findings also showed that 326 children (83.1%) had a deciduous dentition. This percentage was lower in girls than in boys (chi2 = 6.9, p<0.01) with 89.5% and 93.6% respectively (Figure 1) and decreased logically with age (chi2 = 62.13, p<0.000) (Figure 2). Concerning occlusal patterns, results revealed that of children in deciduous dentition, 68.7% presented spaced teeth, while 81% of them had a flush terminal molar relationship, 15% had mesial step and 4% had a distal step (Figure 2). Asymmetrical (right/ left) molar relationship was noted in 12% of cases. No significant difference was noted in these occlusal patterns by age and gender. The prevalence of malocclusion was about 24.7%, with only 13.3% children presenting moderate to severe malocclusion and needing orthodontic follow up. The analysis revealed that malocclusion was less frequent in children with spaced teeth (chi2 = 39.04, p<0.000) and in children presenting flush molar relationship (chi2 = 21.6, p<0.001) but malocclusion was more frequent in children with dental caries (chi2 = 13.16, p<0.01).

DISCUSSION

This study has assessed the oral health of Tunisian preschool children and their occlusal features. Dental caries was the most prevalent disease in our sample. Its prevalence (35.7%) was similar to that reported by Maatouk [6] (36%), it was lower than those revealed by Abid [15] (56%) in the last Tunisian national survey which investigated 670 six-year-old school children and by Henkuzena [1] whose study, conducted in Latvia to 638 children 2-6-year-old, reported that 48% of them were affected. The dmft index, which increased with age, revealed a very high “d” component while its “f” component, a conservative care indicator, was very low revealing a very important need for restorative treatment in preschoolers that may suggest a lack of motivation among practitioners and parents towards appropriate care for primary dentition, high costs and difficult access to health care. Many studies pointed out that besides the comparison with literature data, SiC index is a reliable tool used to assess the caries risk and to identify the group of at risk children who showed caries level significantly higher than a general population [16,17,18]. In our sample the SiC index value (5.57) was almost equivalent to that revealed by Städtler in 516 Austrian children 6-year-olds [16] (6.1); while it was higher (8.1) in a study carried out by Adewakun in Eastern Trinidad for 6-year-olds children [17]. The figure is also worse, as reported by Namal [18], in 542 Turkish children, five-six years old (7.75); however it was better in Australia for 6 years old children with SiC index about 4.7 [19].

Even, if these comparisons are not statistically valid because of disparities of the studied samples, our findings highlighted that a community-based strategies should be adapted where the oral health goal is to increase the proportion of caries free 6 year-olds. We should therefore use SiC index to target at-risk groups for the introduction of reinforced prevention actions. Besides, this index permits an appropriate use of resources by indicating the prevention measures for children who really need them [20]. In our sample, Health promotion programs to stimulate tooth brushing and healthy dietary habits are strongly needed especially in Children at high risk. It is interesting to note, on another hand, that more girls than boys were in mixed dentition, which revealed that dental eruption was earlier in girls as generally shown in literature [21]; Shaweesh had previously reported in a study, which involved 2672 Jordanian children 4 to 16 years old that even in permanent dentition, teeth emerge sooner in girls [22].

The published studies, about occlusal patterns in the deciduous dentition, reported large differences in their results. According to Farsi, these observed variations may depend on ethnicity, hereditary variations or a different methodology and sample composition so the comparisons between them are not reliable [23].

Concerning spaced teeth, the present study confirmed that this phenomenon is common with a percentage of 68.7% while the study of Mahmoodian conducted in 248 Iranian children aged from 4 to 5 years revealed a clearly upper frequency of these physiologic spaces with 90%; No significant difference was found according to gender [24]. The absence of these spaces can be an expression of future discrepancies between jaw and tooth size in permanent dentition [9]. Moreover, many studies reported that the deciduous molar relationship could be the best indication for the future permanent molar occlusion [2,3,9,10]. They showed that the flush terminal plane relationship progressed in the permanent dentition to a Class I molar relationship in 56% of cases and to Class II in 44%. Distal step molar relationship leads often to Class II molar relationship in permanent dentition while mesial step progressed in a greater probability for a Class I molar relationship and a lesser probability of a Class II molar relationship [2,5]. In our study, the flush terminal plane was the most frequent molar relationship with a very high percentage (81%); these findings are very close to those reported by Baume in 1905 and by Farsi among 520 Saudi Arabian’s children 3-5-year-old [23]. Farsi’s study revealed that 80 % of these children presented a flush molar relationship, 12 % had a mesial step and 8 % a distal step. In the same way, Bhayya [5] revealed that of 1000 Indian children 4-6-year-old, 52.5% had a flush terminal plane, whereas 36% had a mesial step and 8.4% showed a distal step. Finally, Maatouk [6], Keski-Nisula [7] and Sukhia [8] also reported the ascendancy of the flush molar relationship with 50.2 %, 47.8% and 63.2 % respectively (Table 3). However, these findings contrasted with those reported in Abu Alhaija study which was conducted in 1048 Jordanian children (2.5 to 6 years old): this study revealed that the mesial step molar relationship was a predominant type of molar relationship (48%) followed by the flush relationship (37 %) and finally the distal step (4 %) [9]. these results were consolidated by those reported by Anderson in 189 African American children where 89% of them exhibited a mesial step terminal plane [10]. In another study carried out by Hedge in Udaipur (India) on 200 children 3-5-year-old, findings revealed almost equal rates between the flush terminal plan (49 %) and the mesial step (50 %) [25] (Table 3).

The prevalence of malocclusion in our sample (24.7%) was lower than those revealed by Abid in the last Tunisian national survey [15]; and in Maatouk’s study [6] with 37% and 31% respectively. Carvalho [26] noted a prevalence of 46% in a study involving 1069 Brazilian children aged from five to six years, whereas Keski-Nisula reported a higher frequency (68%) in 953 Finnish children 4.0 to 7.8 years old [7]. As Frazão et al. [27], previously reported in 2004, our study suggested that severity of malocclusion was significantly associated with dental caries but not with gender or ethnic group. In fact, malocclusion has long been accepted as a risk factor for dental caries because of increased food and plaque accumulation in areas of crowding. It is evident, on another hand that a precocious too the extraction due to dental caries can lead to a space loss and malocclusion. However, Hafez et al., concluded in their systematic review study that there are no high-quality studies to resolve the possible association between dental crowding and caries [28].

Our study also revealed relatively low needs for orthodontic follow up (13.3%); some authors reported that the crowding in deciduous or mixed dentition is often passing and settles spontaneously during the implementation of the permanent dentition if the leeway space is well used. In the mixed dentition, early interceptive treatment of some slight malocclusions can be successful, what reduces significantly the need for orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition according to King [29]. Finally several limitations of this paper must be taken into consideration; the major one was the subjectivity of some information given by the children or their educators like daily tooth brushing frequency. Another limitation was due to some difficulties in observing occlusion characteristics in the conditions of this survey.

CONCLUSION

The present paper gave an outline onto the oral health status, the occlusal patterns and malocclusion in the deciduous dentition in Tunisian children. Findings revealed a poor oral hygiene and a high dental caries experience with a high needs for restorative treatment. The spaced dentition was more frequent than closed dentition and the flush plane was the most frequent type of terminal molar relationship in deciduous dentition.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks are owed to all those who helped us in this study, particularly children, educators and parents.

REFERENCES

1. Henkuzena L, Care R, Rogovska I. Dental Status Among 2-6 year old children in Riga City, Latvia. Stomatologija, Baltic Dent Maxillofacial J. 2004; 6: 28-30.

2. Bishara SE, Hoppens BJ, Jakobsen JR, Kohout FJ. Changes in the molar relationship between the deciduous and permanent dentitions: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1988; 93: 19-28.

3. Chapman H. The normal dental arches and its changes from birth to adult. Br Dent J. 1935; 58: 201-229. 3. Baume LJ. Physiological tooth migration and its significance for the development of occlusion. The biogenetic course of the deciduous dentition. J Dent Res. 1950; 29: 123-132.

4. Bhayya DP, Shyagali TR, Dixit UB, Shivaprakash. Study of occlusal characteristics of primary dentition and the prevalence of maloclusion in 4 to 6 years old children in India. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012; 9: 619- 623.

5. Maatouk F, Ghedira H, Ghnim A, Jmour B, Jaafoura M. Oral Health survey in Tunisian preschool children. Dental News. 2002; 4: 35-37.

6. Keski-Nisula K, Lehto R, Lusa V, Keski-Nisula L, Varrela J. Occurrence of malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment in early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003; 124: 631-638.

7. Sukhia RS, Kumar C, Al-Qutob MF. Deciduous dentition characteristics in orthodontics-Prevalence and importance. J Pakistan Dent Assoc. 2009; 18: 107-112.

8. Abu Alhaija ES, Qudeimat MA. Occlusion and tooth/arch dimensions in the deciduous dentition of preschool Jordanian children. Int J Paediatric Dent. 2003; 13: 230-239.

9. Anderson AA. Occlusal Development in Children of African American Descent-Types of Terminal Plane Relationships in the Primary Dentition. Angle Orthod. 2006; 76: 817-823.

10. World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Surveys: basic methods. 4th edition. 1997; Geneva.

11. Greene JC, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964; 68: 7-13.

12. Bratthall D. Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J. 2000; 50: 378-384.

13. World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Surveys: basic methods. 3th edition. 1987; Geneva.

14. Abid A. Oral health in Tunisia. Int Dent J. 2004; 54: 389-394.

15. Städtler P, Bodenwinkler A, Sax G. Prevalence of caries in 6-year-old Austrian children. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003; 1: 179-183.

16. Adewakun AA, Percival TM, Barclay SR, Amaechi BT. Caries status of children in eastern Trinidad, West Indies. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2005; 3: 249-261.

17. Namal N, Yüceokur AA, Can G. Significant caries index values and related factors in 5-6-year-271 old children in Istanbul, Turkey. East Mediterr Health J. 2009; 15: 178-184.

18. Armfield JM, Roberts-Thomson KF, Slade GD, Spencer AJ. Dental health differences between boys and girls: The Child Dental Health Survey, Australia 2000. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004; 37-38.

19. Marthaler TM. Changes in dental caries 1953-2003. Caries Res. 2004; 38: 173-181.

20. Bruna del Cojo M, Gallardo López NE, Mourelle Martínez MR, De Nova García MJ. Time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in Spanish children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013; 14: 101-103.

21. Shaweesh AI. Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population. Arch Oral Biol. 2012; 57: 122-130.

22. Farsi NM, Salama FS. Characteristics of deciduous dentition occlusion in a group of Tanzanian and Finnish children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1996; 6: 253-259.

23. Mahmoodian J, Afshar H, Hadjhashem M. Determination of Primate Space on 4 to 5 Years Old Children of Tehran’s Kindergarten in 2000. J Dent. Tehran Univ Med Sci. 2004; 1: 21-26.

24. Hedge S, Panwar S, Rao Bolar D, Bharat-Sanghavi M. Characteristics of occlusion in deciduous dentition of preschool children of Udaipur, India. Eur J Dent. 2012; 6: 51-55.

25. Carvalho AC, Paiva SM, Viegas CM, Scarpelli AC, Ferreira FM, Pordeus IA, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in deciduous dentition in a population-based sample of Brazilian preschool children. Eur J Peadiatric Dent. 2011; 12: 107-111.

26. Frazão P, Narvai PC, Latorre Mdo R, Castellanos RA. Are severe occlusal problems more frequent in permanent than deciduous dentition? Rev Saude Publica. 2004; 38: 247-254.

27. Hafez HS, Shaarawy SM, Al-Sakiti AA, Mostafa YA. Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 142: 443-450.

28. King GJ, Spiekerman CF, Greenlee GM, Huang GJ. Randomized clinical trial of interceptive and comprehensive orthodontics. J Dent Res. 2012; 91: 59-64.

Received : 28 Aug 2017
Accepted : 23 Sep 2017
Published : 26 Sep 2017
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
Author Information X