Extraction of the fuel Isobutanol or the fuel Acetone from the bioreactor fluids (over 60 tons one extraction volume) has been found to be conducted via the supercritical Co2 extraction process. The purity of the extracted fuel Isobutanol or the fuel Acetone is about 99.99% of each. The methane seems to us as very cost attractive and therefore will be used nationwide on all our fermentation plants. We have already started recommending the use of this extraction method for other biofuel manufacturers nationwide and also World-wide.

• Supercritical Co2 Extraction Process
• 60 Tons per a Single Extraction Process
• High Purity (99.99%) of the Extracted Fuel Isobutanol or the Fuel Acetone
• Fuel Isobutanol
• Fuel Acetone

Tyurin MV (2024) New Very Promising Method of Exaction of Biofuels from Fermentation Fluids Used for Their Manufacture - Extraction with the Supercritical CO2. JSM Environ Sci Ecol 12(3): 1099.

Climate change has recently become a major global issue for energy production and risen to the forefront as motivation for renewable energy research and development. Mr. President Mr. Barack Obama has stated that “climate change is a massive problem... a generational problem. It’s a problem that by definition is just about the hardest thing for a political system to absorb” from [1]. After years of denying humanity’s contribution to globally rising temperatures, Mr. Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation, recently declared “climate change has become one of the gravest changes humanity has ever faced” [2]. Mr. Elon Musk, now the richest person in the whole World [3], Founder of Tesla and SpaceX, related the current Syrian refugee crisis to future climate change refugee crises by stating “today, the challenge is in terms of millions of people, but in the future, based on what the scientific consensus is, the problem will be in the hundreds of millions and much more severe”.

Geopolitics and big business aside, 97% of climate scientists agree that the Global Warming is caused by human activities involving the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere [4]. Fossil fuel extraction for energy production, livestock production and industrialization, and mass deforestation efforts have all severely exacerbated the effects of climate change, and it is becoming an increasing problem for the world population to continue these habits. Human nature makes it difficult to want to change the simplest aspects of everyday life, but advancements in renewable energy technology and sustainable practices make combating climate change possible. With the recent shift towards renewable energy resources, the ability of biofuel production to incorporate waste as a feedstock makes biofuel an attractive resource. Although fuel Isobiobutanol was not originally accepted as a promising fuel source, applications of fuel Isobiobutanol in the chemical industry were implemented several decades prior to petrochemical and fossil fuel commercialization. Fuel Isobutanol applications first became viable for large scale production in 1912 with Charles Weizmann’s patent of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation using Clostridium acetobutylicum [5]. ABE fermentation was widely used during World War I to make acetone for ammunition and during World War II to make lacquer for automobile coatings. After World War II, ABE fermentation declined drastically due to advancements in petrochemical technology [6].

Between 2000 and 2014, ethanol production in the United States increased from 1.6 billion gallons to 14 billion gallons per 

year [7]. Although ethanol is currently one of the largest biofuel markets in the United States, Amrita Ranjan has identified several physical advantages that fuel Isobutanol has over ethanol as a fuel in her 2014 thesis [8]. One of the major advantages is that “it can be blended well to any ratio of Gasoline as well as Diesel [fuel] directly in the refinery,” making it more effective in combustion engines than ethanol-gasoline 7 mixtures [9]. Another important aspect Dr. Ranjan explains is that “the air to fuel ratio for [fuel] Butanol is close to that of Gasoline,” making for a simple adaptation of combustion engines for the use of [fuel] Butanol [9]. Fuel Isobutanol also has higher energy content than ethanol and is therefore more worthwhile to the consumer and producer. A National Geographic article showcases a modern, second- generation ABE fermentation process at a whiskey distillery, the Tullibardine, in Scotland. The article explains that only 10 percent of the outlet stream of the final product is marketable whiskey [10]. The other 90 percent is a combination of draft (barley grain residue) and pot ale (fermented grain residue). This waste is often very hard to dispose of and is abundant in a region of the world where whiskey is widely produced. A company by the name of Celtic Renewables is working with Tullibardine to help reduce the amount of waste that the whiskey industry produces by fermenting their biomass waste stream to produce biobutanol. Taking advantage of this industry’s waste, Mr. Martin Tangney, founder and CEO of Celtic Renewables believes he can create a $90 million biofuels industry [10].

While operational in industry, there are problems with current butanol fermentation processes. Products generated in ABE fermentation can limit the continuing process after certain concentration levels are reached within the system. The amount of solvent remaining in the system places limitations on the amount of glucose that can be utilized and present. To account for this, it would be necessary for the solvents to be continuously removed [9]. The process also generates additional bacterial cultures, which can affect the subsequent compositions and yield of butanol. The formation of ABE butanol in the fermentation fluid can also limit the continuous fermentation, subsequently creating a toxic environment. The toxicity causes “low productivity and low concentration of solvents in the fermentation broth and… limits the solvent yield”. A solution to these effects is the continual removal of ABE solvent from the fermentation fluid [9]. ABE separation requires optimization of energy and material costs as well as the purity of the separation. To maintain profit margins, it is not beneficial to utilize more energy than the profit of the butanol produced. There are currently several methods for ABE extraction in industry with the most energy-efficient methods being distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, and supercritical Co2 extraction. The details of these methods and the typical equipment involved with each of these extraction processes will be explained in depth in the background section of this paper. Most current extraction technologies are applied to batch processes, but an ideal design would allow for continuous operation. This project will address the proposal of continuous, in situ butanol extraction from a glucose feedstock using supercritical Co2 and B. megaterium, a new bacteria strain being explored at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) [11].

We have already published in the peer-reviewed journals the design of our Horizontal Bioreactor for Carbon Negative Fuels manufacture [12]. The source for the fermentation, for the biofuels manufacture is the air Co2 concentrated to 20% of the total volume of the gas mixture used to feed the horizontal fermenter. The rest of said gas mixture is the Hydrogen, produced by electrolysis of the distilled fresh water by our proprietary technology offering 1 kg of Hydrogen (500 moles of gas) for about $12 if we use our proprietary combination of modern solar panels and alkaline batteries for the overnight operations. One of the biofuels produced is the Gasoline replacement fuel Isobutanol, and the other one is the replacement for the Diesel fuel Acetone and the products of its conversion to the best Diesel fuel replacement we offer herein and elsewhere else Diacetyl Alcohol (DAA), or butanedione, or butane-2,3-dione, with the chemical formula (CH3 Co2). It is produced from the fuel Acetone by the US Patent US1550792A [13] which recites the method of the Diacetyl alcohol production [13] as Stated below. Dry acetone, at room temperature, is placed in a suitable vessel and one tenth its weight of finely divided calcium hydroxide is added. The mixture is violently agitated for about one to two hours, at the end of which time the reaction has reached equilibrium and about 44% of diacetone alcohol is present in the mixture.

The levels of fuel Isubutanol achieved in the continuous fermentations [12] with the Acetogen biocatalysts which we have invented [12] are about 11-12.5 g/L of the fuel Isobutanol in the fermentation fluid and about 9-12 g/L of Acetone the fermentation fluid [12-20]. Then the fuel Carbon Negative Acetone is used to manufacture DAA or Mesityl Oxide as the Diesel fuel replacements [13]. Naturally, extraction of fuel Isobutanol or fuel Acetone from the water phase of the 60 tons horizontal fermenter content [12] is the problem which we have solved as described in this original article by the most economically acceptable and therefore our commercial method we currently use in our fermentation process to manufacture the Carbon Negative fuels to for then mixtures proven to be the most fuel efficient when used in both types of engines Gasoline and Diesel fuel engines [15].

So we are in the need to extract fuel Isobutanol or the fuel Acetone from the 60 tons of the fermenter fluids [12] at our corporate plants. The extraction methods for biofuels include fermenter fuel distillation and the processes where most of the extraction methods are energy inefficient and therefore significantly add to the manufacturing cost therefore increasing the costs for our valuable customers which is not acceptable. Extraction of the fuel Isobutanol and the fuel Acetone from the fermenter fluids require optimization of the energy use and the material costs as well as the high purity of the separation processes making the extracts suitable for the immediate use in the stated before Carbon Negative fuel mixtures [5]. To maintain profit margins, it is not beneficial to utilize more energy than the profit from the sales of the produced the fuel Isobutanol or fuel Acetone. We have investigated the applicability of several methods for these biofuels extraction at our corporate setting with the most energy-efficient methods being found as distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, gas stripping, and the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (described in this original article).

The last method is the topic of this original article. There are multiple methods of extraction from the fermentation fluid of our bioreactors volume. Such methods include distillation of the fermenter content which is energy consuming [16], liquid-liquid extraction procedure [17], and GIFT process where it is subject to low-pressure evaporation [18] and fuel Isobutanol or fuel Acetone flashes off the broth, resulting in a vapor concentration nearly 20X greater than what was in the fermenter [18,20]. Among the other methods of extraction from the fermenter fluids, we have selected the supercritical Co2 extraction procedure [19] as the most economical and therefore the most suitable for our businesses purposes. Briefly on the details of their procedure of extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction is one of the advanced solvent extraction techniques used for the sample preparation. Purification and concentration of analyses determination. This technique resembles the solvent extraction process but the main difference is that the supercritical fluid is used here to extract the target compound from the original mixture (in our case the fluid in the fermenter). The plant for the supercritical fluid extraction might cost up to $85,000 - $300,000. The plant cost depends on the company of the manufacturer. What is the supercritical fluid? The supercritical fluid is a substance that exists above its critical temperature and pressure and can effuse (flow through) like a gas and dissolve materials like a liquid. The properties of a fluid can be changed by changing its pressure and temperature. The most important properties exhibited by the supercritical fluids are listed below. Such fluids have the liquid-like densities (100- 100 times greater than gases), good solvating power [9,10] (the solvating power is the ability of a solvent molecule to solvate lithium ions) and the liquid-like densities (100-1000 times greater than gases),reduction in surface tension, viscosity lower than liquid (10-100 times) gaseous-like compressibility, diffusion properties have to be higher than those of liquids, plus the high penetrating power [19].

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Procedure

Supercritical fluid extraction involves the use of the supercritical fluid as the extraction solvent to separate one component (in our case the fuel Isobutanol of rhe fuel Acetone) from another (the matrix) (to separate the fuel Isobutanol or fuel Acetone from the fermenter fluid phase (works as matrix)). The technique is used for extraction of the organic compounds from the solid matter or from the water-based matter (the matrix).

Co2, ammonia, ethane, Chlorodifluoromethane, nrotous oxide, methanol, water, zenon ad some extra compounds could be used as the supercritical fluids. The most common in the biofuels separation from the fermenter fluid processes is Co2 [19].

The following properties of Co2 make it the supercritical fluid under proper conditions: mediate critical pressure (73.8 bar), low critical temperature (31.1oC), high purity at low cost, low toxicity and reactivity, ideal for extraction of thermally liable compounds, ideal extracting for non-polar species eg., Alkanes, reasonably good extracting for moderately poor species, e.g. PAHs and PCBs, can directly go to the atmosphere but gets collected at our fermentation / separation at the corporate facility, little opportunity to change in the absence of light and air, being a gas at room temperature - all of that allows for direct coupling to the GC and SFC equipment [19].

Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principle

This extraction method is based on the critical condition. It refers to the set of temperature and pressure where the liquid and vapor phase of a substance is indistinguishable. The substance beyond this critical point is known as a supercritical fluid. Since supercritical fluid has a good capacity to dissolve solute, it is thus used to separate solid compounds from the matrix. Some modifiers can be added with solvent to change the polarity and make more selective solvents. Mainly there are two modes of extraction namely static and dynamic mode. In static mode, the extraction cell containing solute (analytic) is filled with the mobile phase (supercritical fluid) and fluid interacts with solutes. Then, the extracted substance is taken out with the help of a second pump. Whereas, in dynamic mode, the second pump sends the extraction material into the collection chamber continuously during the extraction process.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction involves the use of the supercritical fluid as the extracting solvent to separate one component from another (the matrix). This technique is used for extraction of the organic compounds from solid material samples. We herein describe the use of this technique to extract the fuel Isobutanol or the fuel Acetone from the liquid contained in the fermentation vessel of our design (60 tons horizontal vessel). As the supercritical liquid, many compounds have been shown to work well: Carbon Dioxide (Co2), ammonia, ethane, Chlorodifluoromethane, methanol, Nitrous Oxide, water, xenon, etc. The Co2 under the supercritical condition can be used as the solvent for the supercritical extraction process the most common and this process is described herein.

We do manufacture the Gasoline replacements fuel Isobutanol and fuel Butanol at our corporate facilities [21-33]. Fuel Acetone serving as the source for the fuel DAA and the fuel Mesityl oxide were manufactured at our corporate manufacturing facility as well. Now we have at our corporate facility the set up completed for the mixing area where we efficiently and safely mix the manufactured replacements of Gasoline and Diesel fuel to provide them to our valuable customers. These are the fuel mixes suitable for efficient use in their Gasoline and Diesel fuel powered cars and trucks. This area goes alone with the area where we manufacture the fuel DAA and the fuel Mesityl oxide from the fuel Acetone [15,16]. Herein we have described the manufacture and the use of the mixes composed of various combinations of fuel Isobutanol, fuel Butanol, fuel DAA and fuel Mesityl oxide. The fuel Mixture M1 composition was 30% fuel Isobutanol, 30% fuel butanol; 30% DAA and 10% Mesityl oxide. The fuel Mixture M2 was 45% fuel Isobutanol; 15% fuel DAA; 10% of fuel Mesityl oxide and 20% fuel Butanol. The fuel Mixture M3 was 40% fuel Isobutanol; 10% fuel DAA; 5-fuel Mesityl oxide and 45% fuel Butanol. The fuel Mixture M4 was 36% fuel Isobutanol; 30% fuel DAA; 30% fuel Mesityl oxide and 4% fuel Mesityl oxide. The fuel Mixture M5 was 30% fuel Isobutanol, 20% fuel butanol; 30% fuel DAA and 20% fuel Mesityl oxide. This mixture was already described [17].

2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe 6 cylinder 3.0l with the automatic transmission. We have two of them at our corporate site. The manufacturer reports the gas mileage for this car as 19 mpg [19]. We also have 20 2024 Toyota Camry (FWD) as our corporate property. The gas mikeage is 28 mpg in the city and 39 mpg while driving on highway [21]. We do own 5 Diesel fuel trucks 2024 Ram 1500 pickup Lone Star. For the Diesel tucks 2024 Ram 1500 Pickup Lone Star EPA-estimated fuel economy is stated at 20 miles per gallon city, 25 mpg highway and 22 mpg combined with RWD (which is better than Chevy’s base turbo- four cylinder engine) [23].

We had the corporate Carbon Negative fuel mixing facility where the Carbon Negative fuels manufactured selectively from the air Co2 from different manufacturing processes (as you already saw above we have Carbon Negative fuels fuel Butanol [21], fuel Isobutanol [13], Mesityl oxide [13] and Diacetyl alcohol [13]). Said facility allowed us to prepare the mixtures M1,M2,M3 and M4 from the Carbon Negative fuels we were manufacturing from the air Co2 using our proprietary technology [15]. It is important that the fuel mileage we report herein is obtained from the driving said cars noted above for 10,000 miles on the highway and the city of Brownsville. We also provide the combined fuel mileage using the fuel mileages for the highway use and for the use in the city.

To support our manufactured set of the Carbon Negative fuels we have tested them in the form of mixtures suitable to power both the Gasoline and Diesel fuel cars and trucks. Certified mechanics from the respective car dealerships were invited to test our corporate cars deign to reveal any signs of the unusual cars / trucks behavior, they have brought the analyzers of the engines exhaust to detect the levels of produced by our corporate cars / trucks CO, to detect any unusual components of the exhaust gases, etc. The testing of our corporate cars / trucks has been performed for the distance of driving 10,000 miles combining the highway driving and the city of Brownsville driving, we also provide the combined fuel mileage and the Results and Discussion section of this article provides the combined fuel mileage data from our corporate cars / trucks. We have the following corporate cars / trucks at this moment: the CEO is transported by his driver using the 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe. We have two of such SUVs at our corporate garage. In addition to that we do have twenty 2024 Toyota Camry LE. In addition to said cars we do own 5 Diesel fuel trucks 2024 Ram 1500 Pickup Lone Star. The results of the fuel mileage are reported herein from these cars / trucks.

We are not going to be very wordy herein. The general notice is that the mixtures of our Carbon Negative fuels we have manufactured from the air Co2 provided us with substantial economy of the Carbon Negative fuels compared to the gas or diesel fuel mileages for our corporate cars / trucks as the fuel mileage was always greater than that we could get from the same cars when we used Gasoline or Diesel fuel manufactured by the international petroleum corporations from petroleum. For the Carbon Negative fuel Mixture 2 (45% fuel Isobutanol; 15% fuel DAA; 10% of fuel Mesityl oxide and 20% fuel Butanol) the 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe had the fuel mileage 26 mpg in the city of Brownsville and 36 mpg in a highway. The combined fuel mileage was recorded as 30.9 mpg. The 2024 Toyota Camry LE had the city of Brownsville fuel mileage 34 mpg and the highway gas mileage 46 mpg. The combined fuel mileage consisted of 40.2 mpg. The Diesel trucks Ram 1500 Lone Star was recorded as the highway fuel mileage 28.8 mpg driving on a highway and 23.8 mpg driving in city of Brownsville. The combined fuel mileage was 26.8 mpg.

Other Carbon Negative fuel mixtures provided a little lower fuel mileages. The Carbon Negative fuel mixture M1 (30% fuel Isobutanol, 30% fuel butanol; 30% DAA and 10% Mesityl oxide) offered for 2024 Porsche Cayenne Coupe the city of Brownsville fuel mileage 23 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was 33 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was 27 mpg. The 2024 Toyota Camry LE had the fuel mileage in the city of Brownsville 33 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 45 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was 39 mpg. The Diesel fuel trucks 2024 Ram 1500 Lone Star had the fuel mileage in the city of Brownsville 22.8 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 27 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was 25.3 mpg. For the fuel Mixture M3 (40% fuel Isobutanol; 10% fuel DAA; 5 fuel Mesityl oxide and 45% fuel Butanol) the 2024 Porshe Cayenne Coupe the fuel mileage was 22.8 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 32.8 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was recorded as 26 mpg. The combined fuel mileage for the mixture M3 was recorded as 26.8 mpg. The 2024 Toyota Camry LE had the fuel mileage in the city of Brownsville 23 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 44.7 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was recorded as 39 mpg. For the Diesel trucks Ram 1500 Lone Star had the fuel mileage in the city of Brownsville 22.8 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 26.8 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was recorded as high as 25.5 mpg.

The fuel Mixture M4 (36% fuel Isobutanol; 30% fuel DAA; 30% fuel Mesityl oxide and 4% fuel Mesityl oxide) offered us for the 2024 Porshe Cayenne Coupe the city of Brownsville fuel mileage 23.6 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as 33.6 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was 26.8 mpg. For the cars 2024 Toyota Camry LE said mixture M4 provided the city of Brownsville fuel mileage 23 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as high as 45 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was recorded as high as 40 mpg. For the Diesel fuel trucks Ram 1500 Long Star the city of Brownsville fuel mileage was recorded as 23 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was as high as 27 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was as high as 25 mpg. The fuel Mixture M5 used had the composition of 30% fuel Isobutanol, 20% fuel butanol; 30% fuel DAA and 20% fuel Mesityl oxide. For the 2024 Porshe Cayenne Coupe the city of Brownsville fuel mileage was 23 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was as high as 33 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was as high as 28 mpg. For the 2024 Toyota Camry LE the city of Brownsville fuel mileage was as high as 22 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was as high as 43 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was as high as 36 mpg. For the Diesel trucks Ram 1500 Long Star the city of Brownsville fuel mileage was recorded as high as 22 mpg, the highway fuel mileage was recorded as high as 26.8 mpg, the combined fuel mileage was as high as 24 mpg.

The table 1 summaries all the data provided above to make the conclusions which fuel mixture provided the best fuel mileage 

on the highway, in the city of Brownsville and the combined fuel mileage. The Carbon Negative fuel mixtures M1 - M5 were different between each other by the contents of their Carbon Negative fuels. The fuel Mixture M2 deserves the special attention of the readers of this article. This mixture of the carbon negative fuels contains 45% of fuel Isobutanol and 20% of fuel Butanol. DAA and Mesityl oxide are added to provide the suitability of this Mixture for the engines of the Diesel fuel consuming trucks. Based onto date of (table 1) this mixture of our Carbon negative fuels provided the best highway fuel mileage, the best city of Brownsville and the combined fuel mileages. Based on our very limited study we might recommend this Mixture M2 of the Carbon Negative fuels manufactured from the air Co2 for the Nationwide distribution using our special stations selling not only the Carbon Negative fuels but also our Carbon Negative foods we have developed to help the Humankind to survive the coming soon shortage of the fresh water evaporated at the increasing amount of the air Co2 to the outer Space vacuum. The losses of the fresh water vapors to the outer Space vacuum comprise as of today ~25,920 liters per day, or 9,467 M3 per year. That would correspond to a total loss over Earth’s history of 42,000 km3 of water, equivalent to about 12 cm of sea level decrease [14].

Said fresh water losses mean the inevitable approach of the Global Starvation on Earth [14]. With no fresh water there will not be any crops and livestock production on our planet. We have prepared ourselves for that. We already have developed Carbon Negative foods grown on the biomass of the used biocatalysts to manufacture the Carbon Negative fuels. Said Carbon negative genetically engineered foods are based on the mushroom of the family Borovik (white tubular mushroom, delicatessen by itself, will contain the genes of goat or beef muscles, vegetables, eggplant genes, potato genes, tomato genes, wheat bread [34-38]. We are prepared to the Global Starvation on Earth during the time of the decay of the international petroleum corporations. We will manufacture enough genetically engineered food to feed all the straving great and with the potential to have the international petroleum corporations completely replaced by our Carbon Negative fuel and our Carbon Negative genetically engineered foods manufactured and sold at our new type of the gas stations discussed in a separate independent article.

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