Loading

JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Acupuncture for Myofascial Pain of the Masticatory Muscles Management

Review Article | Open Access

  • 1. Department of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
  • 2. Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Natalia Grychowska, Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 64 Kamienna St, Suite 64, 53307 Wroclaw, Poland, Tel: 48 71 784 02 91
Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders are currently highly prevalent, especially in modern societies. Their management is demanding and needs multidisciplinary approach. Acupuncture is recognized as one of the treatment modalities of masticatory muscles’ myofascial pain. Authors searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases for papers describing usefulness of acupuncture and dry needling in the treatment of myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles. The inclusion criteria were: clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding application of acupuncture for myofascial pain treatment among adults, that where published in English language between January 2000 and May 2018 as full-text and peer-reviewed journal articles. Initially authors obtained 113 results, of which 19 papers were included. Main outcome of acupuncture therapy was analgesic effect, which was presented as a reduction of subjective pain on visual analogue scale (VAS). Included studies had limitations, of which the most common was a small sample size. Standard acupuncture and dry needling should be considered as beneficial methods for myofascial pain management in patients with masticatory muscles disorders.

Citation

Grychowska N, Smardz J (2018) Acupuncture for Myofascial Pain of the Masticatory Muscles Management. JSM Physical Med Rehabil 2(1): 1010.

Keywords

•    Acupuncture
•    Dry needling
•    Temporomandibular joint disorders
•    Masticatory muscles
•    Myofascial pain syndromes

ABBREVIATIONS

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; TMD: Temporomandibular Disorders; TMJ: Temporomandibular Joint; MFP: Myofascial Pain; MTP: Myofascial Trigger Points; TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine

INTRODUCTION

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are currently very common health care problem of modern societies. They are a major reason of non-odontogenic pain in the orofacial region that can refer to masticatory muscles, periauricular region, teeth, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) [1]. According to the currently recommended diagnostic criteria, the term TMD involves array of possible diagnoses such as pain disorders (myalgia, myofascial pain, arthralgia, headache attributed to TMD) and temporomandibular joint disorders (disc displacement, degenerative joint disease, dislocation) [2]. Due to multifactorial origins of TMD and overlapping symptoms of other entitles coexisting in the same individuals, the diagnosis is often confusing and the treatment is very demanding. The therapeutic approach requires clinicians to have deep interdisciplinary knowledge and management expertise of patient and the disease. There are lots of treatment modalities of pain in masticatory muscles, including: therapeutic exercises, occlusal splint therapy, physiotherapeutic techniques, oral drug therapy, injectable pharmacotherapy, surgical procedures, and acupuncture [3].

The aim of this paper was to carry out a non-systematic review of clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses for better understanding the effectiveness of acupuncture as a method of the MFP therapy in TMD patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A non-systematic search for studies on the role of acupuncture for myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles management was carried out in three databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The following search keywords consistent with Medical Subject Headings terminology were used: ‘acupuncture’, ‘temporomandibular join disorders’, ‘masticatory muscles’, and ‘myofascial pain syndromes’. Authors searched for clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding application of acupuncture in MFP treatment among adults, that where published in English language between January 2000 and May 2018 as full-text and peer-reviewed journal articles. Firstly, titles and abstracts were screened for their potential validity in the context of the acupuncture and myofascial pain. Then the full texts of potentially suitable articles were evaluated according to research topic. The authors have excluded reviews, case studies and studies without evidence-base background. All authors (NG, JS) conducted the search. After the databases and reference lists screening we obtained 113 results, of which 18 papers were included with accordance to the defined criteria. One systematic review and meta-analysis was added during a peer review process. Eventually, the present review embraced 19 studies.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The Diagnostic Criteria for TMD describe the clinical features of the myofascial pain (MFP) as a pain of muscle origin that is affected by jaw movement, function, and replication of this pain occurs with provocation testing of the masticatory muscles. During myofascial examination the pain spreads beyond the side of palpation with or beyond the boundary of the muscle being palpated [2]. MFP is related to hyper contracted and painful areas located in the muscle, known as myofascial trigger points (MTPs). MTP is defined as ‘a hyperirritable spot, usually within a taut band of skeletal muscle or in the muscle’s fascia that is painful on compression’. Moreover, it can give rise to referred pain, tenderness, motor dysfunction, and even autonomic symptoms [4]. MTP forms at the neuromuscular junction of injured or overworked muscle, where an excessive amount of acetylcholine from the presynaptic nerve terminals affects receptors in the postsynaptic sarcolemma. This intense neural activation leads to sustained sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release. Calcium concentration, which increases progressively, triggers and sustains contraction of the muscle fiber [5].

One of the conservative treatment modalities for MFP is acupuncture [3]. Body needling originated in China over 3,000 years ago. However, it is important to distinguish Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) acupuncture from MTPs needling. TCM acupuncture assumes insertion of fine needles at specific body regions, known as acupoints. According to Chinese concept of the physiology the acupoints create a network of ‘meridians’ that represent life energy channels running longitudinally along the human body surface. Disruption of the meridian channel network is believed to be associated with disease and/ or pain disorder, while placing a needle into specific acupuncture point restores the balance and positively influences bodily functions [6]. Although, the MTPs needling approach has roots in TCM, it rejects the traditional based philosophy of acupoints and energy flow [7]. Moreover, the clinical procedure of so-called ‘dry needling’ (without any substance) is slightly different. Dissimilarities concerns: amount of inserting needles and their depth, the movement of the needle, applied force of stimulation, and ‘local twitch response’ that leads to release [8].

An attempt of scientific community to clarify the role of needling for MFP management, contributed to the development of many studies with common features like: numerical superiority of women [9-18], small sample size [10,14,15,18,19], and middleaged participants [9,10,12,13]. Most frequent outcome was the short-term analgesic effect of acupuncture. Often the therapeutic effect of acupuncture or dry needling was compared to sham acupuncture or sham dry needling, splint therapy or drug administration [13,17]. Most common limitations of the studies, except small sample size, were: lack of control group, lack of placebo group, no blinding, and short or lack of follow-up period. Table 1 presents an overview of the content and drawbacks of included studies.

Five studies included to the review concerned standard acupuncture. There are many acupoints that can be involved in TMD treatment. They can be divided into three groups: a group of points over and in relation with TMJ (ST5, ST6, ST7, ST71 /2, SI18, Si19, BG8 and EX2), points in the neck region related to headache therapy (GB20, GB21) and points on the top of the head, which are known to induce relaxation (GV20, EX6) [9]. Moreover, there is one distant point (LI4) commonly used for head and neck pain management. It is located between the thumb and index finger at adductor of pollicis [10]. Three randomized, blinded, and shamcontrolled trials evaluated the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating MFP. Shen at al. examined the usefulness of LI4 point needling for headache, facial and neck pain reduction, as well as increasing masseter mechanical pain tolerance. Significant efficacy of acupuncture beyond sham acupuncture was demonstrated only for increasing masseter muscle pain tolerance [10]. However, in subsequent clinical trial published two years after, the same author showed that individuals receiving real acupuncture exhibited significant reduction in facial and neck pain too [11]. Smith et al. demonstrated that in a group subjected to real acupuncture at ST7 point significant improvement in pain intensity, and opening movements range, as well as reduction of lateral pterygoid tenderness occurred [12]. Grillo et al., showed more than a fivefold reduction in pain intensity and increase in pain-free mouth opening range from 36.95 to 42.35 after acupuncture intervention (P ≤ 0.05). The benefits were comparable to splint therapy [13]. Reports obtained by SchmidSchwap et al., are controversial. The authors of the randomized control trial suggested significantly higher reduction of subjective pain in the acupuncture group as compared to placebo group, even when the pretreatment and post treatment values among both groups were no significantly different [14].

Most of studies on dry needling of MTP in masticatory muscles showed a positive effect of the therapy. Depending on the research the results of the needling were testing form 5 minutes after the therapeutic intervention [15], up to 6 months after [16]. GonzalezPerez at al. in one of two studies on deep dry needling of MTP in the lateral pterygoid muscle, demonstrated that this therapy reduced the MFP during 6 months of follow-up period, especially in patients who had high baseline scores in visual analogue scale. Mean mouth opening value at 6 months after treatment increased from 2.90 cm to 4.5 cm [16]. In the second study the deep dry needling was compared with methocarbamol/paracetamol medication. The drug administration had significantly lower level of pain reduction. Forty-one percent of individuals described unpleasant side effects of medication, whereas in needling group no patient exhibited any side effects. Assessments at the 28th and 70th day showed significant improvements of lateral movements and protrusion compared with drug-treated group [17]. Two papers, aside from subjective pain evaluation, examined the effect of dry needling of active MTPs on pressure pain threshold with algometer. Both showed significant improvements in pressure pain threshold score [15,18]. Itoh et al. in sham-controlled trial indicated that the mean visual analog scale score decreased significantly both in experimental and placebo group. There was no influence on mandibular movements [19].

Standard acupuncture and dry needling of trigger points seem to be equally effective. Some authors claimed that traditional acupoints on the masticatory muscles often seem to correspond with localization of MTPs [7].

There are examples of studies presenting a new acupuncture approaches like microsystem acupuncture [20,21] and laser acupuncture [14,22-24]. These modern methods seem to be promising in MFP modulation among TMD patients.

As there is a lack of studies in large population samples, meta-analyses and systematic reviews allow scientists summarizing outcomes from independent studies, provided that they meet specified inclusion criteria for analyzing. Though discussions and questionable reports of the efficacy of standard acupuncture and dry needling Wu et al. performed meta-analyses and concluded that acupuncture therapy is effective in reducing the pain in TMD patients, especially those with MFP [25]. However, Fernandez et al. in a systematic review, due to limited quality of the analyzed studies, proposed more careful conclusions. Although, the study showed significant effects of acupuncture in MFP modulation, it underlined a need for other controlled and randomized clinical trials [26].

Interestingly, some randomized clinical trials demonstrated significant and positive effects not only in a group receiving real acupuncture, but also in placebo (sham) groups [10,12,14,19]. Shen et al. showed that subjects who believed that they had received real acupuncture, had a significant decrease in facial pain (P=0.003), neck pain (P=0.011), and headache (P=0.015), even though no significant benefits were obtained considering actual real acupuncture group [10]. Jung et al. in a meta-analysis reported significant positive effect of acupuncture on masticatory muscle tenderness and pain intensity reduction, nonetheless the analysis indicated that the evidence that acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture is limited [27,28].

Literature suggests that the psychological factors could play an important role in this group of patients, and it has already been underlined in the literature [29,30]. Myofascial pain of masticatory muscles management is demanding and needs multidisciplinary approach. For this reason, acupuncture should be considered as complementary therapy.

Table 1: An overview of the content of included studies.

Authors (year) Type of intervention Study design Studied sample (average age ± SD) Number and duration of sessions Follow-up after the last intervention Outcomes
Rosted et al. (2006) [9] Standard acupuncture RCS (no randomization, controls, placebo, and blinding) N = 60 (40.6) 83% females On average 3.4 sessions lasting 12.3 min No 85% of patients respond to the treatment. Almost threefold decreased in pain score (VAS); P<0.001
Shen et al. (2007) [10] Standard acupuncture RCT (placebo controlled: non penetrating skin sham acupuncture, single blind) N = 15 (43.1 ± 13.6) 93% females 1 session lasting 15 min No Significant increase in pain tolerance during mechanical stimulus of masseter muscle (11-point NRS); P<0.027
Shen et al. (2009) [11] Standard acupuncture RCT (placebo controlled: non penetrating skin sham acupuncture, single blind) N = 28 100% females 1 session lasting 15 min No Significant decrease in jaw pain, jaw tightness, neck pain (P= 0.04, for all); increase in pain tolerance during mechanical stimulus of masseter muscle (11-point NRS); P<0.01
Smith et al. (2007) [12] Standard acupuncture RCT (placebo controlled: non penetrating skin sham acupuncture, double blind) N = 27 (40.5 ± 13.63) 81% females 6 sessions lasting 20 min Assessment 3and 7days after last intervention Significant improvement in pain intensity (VAS) P=0.003, maximum pain-free opening P=0.000, and reduction of lateral pterygoid tenderness (functional manipulation) P=0.014.
Grillo et al. (2015) [13] Standard acupuncture RCT (no blinding, no placebo, occlusal splint group as control) N = 40
(30 ± 6.59) 
100% females
4 sessions lasting 20 min No Standard acupuncture is as effective as splint therapy in pain reduction and improvement in maximum pain-free mouth opening.
Schmid Schwapet al. (2006) [14] Standard acupuncture, Intraoral acupuncture, RCT (placebo controlled: sham laser acupuncture, single blind) N = 23 100% females 1 session lasting 20 min No The pretreatment and post treatment VAS scores were no significantly different.
Fernández Carneroet al. (2010) [15] Dry needling RCT (placebo controlled: penetrating skin sham acupuncture, double-blind) N = 12 (25 ± 6) 100% females 2 sessions at interval at least 7 days No Greater improvement in active mouth opening range and increase in PPT level in masseter muscle; P<0.001.
Gonzalez Perez et al. (2010) [16] Dry needling PCS (no randomization, controls, placebo, and blinding) N = 36 (27 ± 6.5) 83% females 3 sessions at interval of 1 week Assessment 2 weeks, 1, 2 and 6 months after Reduction in the MFP during 6 months of follow-up period, especially in patients who had high baseline VAS scores.
Gonzalez Perez et al. (2012) [17] Dry needling RCT (no blinding, no placebo, drug-treated group as control) N = 48 (34.3 ± 13.8) 79% females 1 session once per week for three weeks Assessment 2 and 8 weeks after Statistical significant pain reduction (better than controls) VAS; P<0.05.
Blasco Bonoraet al. (2017) [18] Dry needling PCS (no randomization, controls, placebo, and blinding) N = 17 (39 ± 13) 65% females 1 session Assessment 1 week after Significant pain reduction immediately and 1 week after the intervention (VAS); P<0.001.
Itoh et al. (2012) [19] Dry needling RCT (placebo-controlled: non-penetrating skin sham acupuncture, single-blind) N = 16 31% females 3 sessions lasting 30 min Assessment 10 week after Reduction in pain intensity between pretreatment and 5 weeks after MTP (P<0.001) and sham acupuncture (VAS); P<0.05.
Simmaet al. (2018) [20] Microsystem acupuncture, Intraoral acupuncture, Standard acupuncture RCS (no randomization, controls, placebo, and blinding) N = 407 (45 ± 1.5) 77% females 1 session No Decrease of pain intensity during palpation in temporal, masseter, andpterygoid muscle (4-point Likert scale); P<0.001
Simmaet al. (2009) [21] Microsystem acupuncture, Intraoral acupuncture, Standard acupuncture RCT (placebo controlled: sham laser acupuncture, doubleblind) N = 23 100% females 1 session No Overall pain reduction assessed by palpation of 14 muscles (P<0.001) and VAS (P<0.031) were significantly reduced after acupuncture.
Ferreira et al. (2013) [22] Laser acupuncture, Occlusal splint therapy RCT (placebo controlled: sham laser acupuncture, double blind) N = 40 (34.17 ± 8.83) 1 session lasting 90 s once a week for 3 months No Significantly faster reduction and lower pain intensity in group receiving laser acupuncture as adjunct to occlusal splint therapy (VAS); P<0.002
Hotta et al. (2010) [23] Laser acupuncture, PCS (no randomization, controls, placebo, and blinding) N = 10
(35.3)
90% females
1 session lasting 20 s once a week for ten weeks No Significant improvement in painful symptoms of masseter muscle in habitual occlusion (VAS); P<0.01
Katsouliset al. (2010) [24] Laser acupuncture, RCT Pilot study N = 11
(33)
90% females
1 session lasting 15 min twice a week for three weeks Assessment 16 week after Pain reduction in all groups (VAS).
Wu et al. (2017) [25] Standard acupuncture, Dry needling Meta-analysis (9 studies) N = 231 N/A N/A Significant reduction of pain following acupuncture treatment (VAS). P=0.003
Fernandes et al. (2017) [26] Standard acupuncture, Dry needling, Laser acupuncture Systematic review (4 studies) N = 99 N/A N/A Significant reduction of MFP, however due to the quality of the analyzed studies the evidence is limited.
Jung et al. (2011) [27] Standard acupuncture, Laser acupuncture Systematic review and meta-analysis (7 studies) N = 141 (37.3) 95% females N/A N/A Limited evidence that acupuncture in more effective than sham acupuncture in pain relief and masseter muscle tenderness.
Abbreviations: RCS: Retrospective Case series; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; RCT: Randomized Clinical Trial; NRS: numerical rating scale; PPT: Pressure Pain Threshold; PCS: Prospective Cohort Study; MFP: Myofascial Pain; PCS: Prospective Case series;

 

REFERENCES

1. Okeson JP. Bell’s orofacial pain. 5th edition. Chicago: Quintessesce, 2005.

2. American Academy of Orofacial Pain. Temporomandibular Disorders. In: De Leeuw R, ed. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Magement. 4th ed. Hanover Park: Quintessence, 1996: 129-204.

3. Wieckiewicz M, Boening K, Wiland P, Shiau YY, Paradowska-Stolarz A. Reported concepts for the treatment modalities and pain management of temporomandibular disorders. J Headache Pain, 2015; 16: 106.

4. Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1983.

5. Jafri MS. Mechanisms of Myofascial Pain. Int Sch Res Notices. 2014; 2014: 523924.

6. Langevin HM, Yandow JA. Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. Anat Rec. 2002; 269: 257-265.

7. Lizhou L, Skinner MA, McDonough SM, Baxter GD. Traditional Chinese Medicine acupuncture and myofascial trigger needling: the same stimulation points? Complement Ther Med. 2016; 26: 28-32.

8. Cagnie B, Dewitte V, Barbe T, Timmermans F, Delrue N, Meeus M. Physiologic effects of dry needling. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013; 17: 348.

9. Rosted P, Bundgaard M, Pedersen AM. The use of acupuncture in the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction--an audit. Acupunct Med. 2006; 24: 16-22.

10. Shen YF, Goddard G. The short-term effects of acupuncture on myofascial pain patients after clenching. Pain Pract. 2007; 7: 256-264.

11. Shen YF, Younger J, Goddard G, Mackey S. Randomized clinical trial of acupuncture for myofascial pain of the jaw muscles. J Orofac Pain. 2009; 23: 353-359.

12. Smith P, Mosscrop D, Davies S, Sloan P, Al-Ani Z. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of temporomandibular joint myofascial pain: a randomised controlled trial. J Dent. 2007; 35: 259-267.

13. Grillo CM, Canales Gde L, Wada RS, Alves MC, Barbosa CM, Berzin F, et al. Could acupuncture Be useful in the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction? J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2015; 8: 192-199.

14. Schmid-Schwap M, Simma-Kletschka I, Stockner A, Sengstbratl M, Gleditsch J, Kund M et al. Oral acupuncture in the therapy of craniomandibular dysfunction syndrome–a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2006; 118: 36-42.

15. Fernández-Carnero J, La Touche R, Ortega-Santiago R, Galan-del-Rio F, Pesquera J, Ge, H Y, et al. Short-term effects of dry needling of active myofascial trigger points in the masseter muscle in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24: 106-112

16. Gonzalez-Perez LM, Infante-Cossio P, Granados-Nuñez M, Urresti Lopez FJ. Treatment of temporomandibular myofascial pain with deep dry needling. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012; 17: 781-785.

17. Gonzalez-Perez LM, Infante-Cossio P, Granados-Nunez M, Urresti Lopez FJ, Lopez-Martos R, Ruiz-Canela-Mendez P. Deep dry needling of trigger points located in the lateral pterygoid muscle: efficacy and safety of treatment for management of myofascial pain and temporomandibular dysfunction. Med Oral Patol Oral. 2015; 20: 326- 332.

18. Blasco-Bonora PM, Martín-Pintado-Zugasti A. Effects of myofascial trigger point dry needling in patients with sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: a prospective case series. Acupunct Med. 2017; 35: 69-74.

19. Itoh K, Asai S, Ohyabu H, Imai K, Kitakoji H. Effects of trigger point acupuncture treatment on temporomandibular disorders: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2012; 5: 57-62.

20. Simma I, Simma L, Fleckenstein J. Muscular diagnostics and the feasibility of microsystem acupuncture as a potential adjunct in the treatment of painful temporomandibular disorders: results of a retrospective cohort study. Acupunct Med. 2018; 2017: 011492

21. Simma I, Gleditsch JM, Simma L, Piehslinger E. Immediate effects of microsystem acupuncture in patients with oromyofacial pain and craniomandibular disorders (CMD): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Br Dent J. 2009; 207: 26.

22. Ferreira LA, de Oliveira RG, Guimarães JP, Carvalho AC, De Paula MV. Laser acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Laser Med Sci. 2013; 28: 1549-1558.

23. Hotta PT, Hotta TH, Bataglion C, Bataglion SA, de Souza Coronatto EA, Siéssere S, et al. Emg analysis after laser acupuncture in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD).Implications for practice. Complement TherClinPract. 2010; 16: 158-160.

24. Katsoulis J1, Ausfeld-Hafter B, Windecker-Gétaz I, Katsoulis K, Blagojevic N, Mericske-Stern R. Laser acupuncture for myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles. A controlled pilot study. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2010; 120: 213-225.

25. Wu JY, Zhang C, Xu YP, Yu YY, Peng L, Leng, WD et al. Acupuncture therapy in the management of the clinical outcomes for temporomandibular disorders: A PRISMA-compliant meta -analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96: 6064.

26. Fernandes AC, Duarte Moura DM, Da Silva LGD, De Almeida EO, Barbosa GAS. Acupuncture in Temporomandibular Disorder Myofascial Pain Treatment: A Systematic Review. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2017; 31: 225-232.

27. Jung A, Shin BC, Lee MS, Sim H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized, sham-controlled trials. J Dent. 2011; 39: 341- 50.

28. Laurence B. Acupuncture may be no more effective than sham acupuncture in treating temporomandibular joint disorders. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2012; 12: 2-4.

29. Miyachi H, Wake H, Tamaki K, Mitsuhashi A, Ikeda T, Inoue K et al. Detecting mental disorders in dental patients with occlusion-related problems. Psychiatry ClinNeurosci. 2007; 61: 313-319.

30. Wieckiewicz M, Zietek M, Smardz J, Zenczak-Wieckiewicz D, Grychowska N. Mental Status as a Common Factor for Masticatory Muscle Pain: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 646.

Received : 15 Jun 2018
Accepted : 30 Jun 2018
Published : 30 Jun 2018
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X