Loading

JSM Sexual Medicine

No More Sex for You, Only for Men: Inequality in Right to Enjoy Sexuality for Women with Spinal Cord Injury

Short Communication | Open Access Volume 6 | Issue 1 |

  • 1. Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Italy
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Stefano Federici, Department of Philosophy, Social & Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Tel: 39-075-585-4921; Email: stefano.federici@unipg.it
Abstract

According to the medical model of disability (as explained also in the ICF), conceiving sexual activity by a person with a disability for a “normal body” population would mean admitting imagining an abnormal (monstrous) sexuality. It follows from this that “abled” people see the person with physical impairment as asexual, because their body condition affects the capacity to perform so-called normal sexual activity. These beliefs and attitudes inform the lives of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, these social barriers do not affect men and women with disabilities equally. More often than men, women with SCI’s experience of sexual pleasure is neglected if not outright denied. Through reading the case of “She” and from a perspective of the right to pleasure of women with SCI, we reread data about the Love & Life project, which was carried out to enhance the psychological sexual health in a Unipolar Spinal Unit of in- and outpatients and their partners. The two studies reported here showed that men and women with SCI have experienced restriction to their right to sexual pleasure to varying degrees: women more than men are deprived of their right to enjoy their sexuality.

Keywords

Spinal cord injury; Sexuality; Gender stereotypes; Sexuality and disability; Medical model of disability

ABBREVIATIONS

BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory – II; ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; L&L: Love & Life project; SCI: Spinal Cord Injury; SIS: Sexual Interest and Satisfaction; USU-PG: Unipolar Spinal Unit of the “S. Maria della Misericordia” hospital in Perugia

Citation

Federici S (2022) No More Sex for You, Only for Men: Inequality in Right to Enjoy Sexuality for Women with Spinal Cord Injury. JSM Sexual Med 6(1): 1080.

INTRODUCTION

She was in her 30s when “She” was admitted to the neurosurgery unit due to an accident with her motorcycle. She felt no pain, but did feel fear! Just before She was anesthetized, the neurosurgeon told her, “And now, forget about having sex anymore” [1]. How much truth there was in those words of that distinguished male representative of a medical model of health, sexuality, and patriarchal, phallocentric (penis-centered) culture [2]. According to this model and culture, “abled” people see the person with physical impairment as asexual because their body condition affects the capacity to perform so-called normal sexual activity. For a “normal body” population, conceiving sexual activity by a person with a disability would mean admitting to imagining an abnormal (monstrous) sexuality [3,4]. It should not surprise us, then, that from the perspective of a medical model of disability, psychiatry has a specific term for the sexual attraction to the body of a person with a disability: devotism [5]. This is a paraphilia, i.e. not a normal way to love; it is a suspect and, to a certain extent, pathological sexual attraction for ab-normal bodies, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [6].

The myths of bodily perfection [7] and the asexuality [8] of disabled persons-emerging from a medical model of disability and sexuality—are not mere social constructions which influence attitudes and stereotypes. These myths emerge from psychological mechanisms that evolved to solve longenduring adaptive problems characteristic of the ancestral human environment [9]. Mating with someone who is unhealthy could pose a range of adaptive risks to our ancestors, including transmitting communicable diseases or viruses, impacting survival and reproduction, infecting children and jeopardizing the children’s chances of survival and reproduction [10,11]. Hence, human survival was guaranteed by an evolved psychological mechanism to avoid contact and sexual intercourse with persons with visible deformity [12-15].

But She was a woman, in a male-centered patriarchal culture [16], where the sex most people get to know is totally phallocentric. As a result of the Judeo-Christian androcentrismthat restricts the sexual role of a woman to a reproductive function within the family and the ability to stimulate and satisfy a man’s own sexual appetite—the woman’s experience of sexual pleasure is denied [17]. Women are, therefore, oriented to giving rather than receiving pleasure. Still, in a survey conducted in the United Kingdom, Thrussell et al. [18], in accordance with previous literature [19], reaffirm that for women with SCI “satisfaction with body image was reduced. To look ‘sexy’ was difficult […]. Lacking confidence and feeling sexually unattractive during rehabilitation was common; support and opportunities to improve self-confidence, self-esteem, body image and social skills were identified as essential” (pp. 1088–1091).

But what is more She was a lesbian, and as such, her sexual identity would disappear along with her sensitivity and mobility in her limbs.

“Non-disabled persons generally regard disabled persons as asexual beings. Although this falsehood degrades all disabled persons, it has especially humiliating effects upon disabled dykes. The reason it does so is this: if one assumes that disabled persons are asexual, then one cannot conceive the existence of disabled dykes. That is to say, if disabled persons are regarded as asexual beings, and if dyke identities are sexual identities, then disabled dyke identities are a conceptual impossibility (do not exist). Apparently, the category of ‘disabled person,’ and the category of ‘dyke,’ are mutually exclusive ones: one is either a(n) (asexual) disabled person, or one is a (sexual) dyke.” ([3], pp. 15–16, emphases used above are in the original).

She was a participant in the Love & Life project (L&L), which was carried out to enhance the psychological sexual health of the in- and outpatients of Unipolar Spinal Unit of the “S. Maria della Misericordia” hospital in Perugia (USU-PG) and their partners, before the COVID-19 outbreak. By forming a psychoeducational personal growth group, L&L promoted a pathway in which people with SCI and their partners could experience, express, and rework thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, roles and relationships about sexuality [20]. She shared her experience as a woman, a lesbian with SCI, within the growth group in which she participated with her partner.

The aim of this paper is to reread data about the L&L from the perspective of the right to pleasure of women with SCI [21].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study 1

Participants: The inclusion criteria for attending the L&L personal growth group on sexual life were the folloAge ≥ 18 years;

• Provide voluntary written informed consent; • USU-PG in- and outpatients with a traumatic SCI (para- or tetraplegic), with or without a partner; • Current partner (wife, husband, sexual partner) of inand outpatients of USU-PG who attended the Love & Life personal growth group.

I use “participants” (Study 1: N = 11; Study 2: N = 7) to refer to all those who attended the growth group on sexual life and “patients” (Study 1: N = 7; Study 2: N = 6) to refer to both inpatients and outpatients.

Measurements and procedures: A sociodemographic questionnaire and three outcome measures were selfadministered (see below) by participants during the recruitment process. The outcome measures were administered again at the end of the last group meeting.

Sociodemographic questionnaire. This form was developed ad hoc to collect data on participants’ age, sex, sexual orientation, type of SCI (para- or tetraplegia), civil status, children, education, employment, citizenship, political orientation, and religious beliefs.

Sexual Interest and Satisfaction (SIS) scale. This measure is a six-item scale designed to measure sexual adjustment after SCI [22]. It is used to assess interest in and satisfaction with sexuality before and after injury. Participants are asked to give answers on a scale of 0 (nonexistent/very dissatisfying) to 3 (increased/very satisfying).

Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II). In its current version, the BDI-II is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory [23]. Scores for statements ranged from 0 (e.g., “I do not feel sad”) to 3 (e.g., “I am so sad or unhappy that I can’t stand it”). Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). This measure was designed to differentiate anxiety from depression [24, 25]. Respondents rated each symptom on a scale ranging from “not at all” (0) to “severely” (3). Higher total scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.

Results of Study 1: Sample. Eleven participants (female: N = 6, 54.5%; male: N = 5, 45.5%), 4 males had complete paraplegia, 1 female had complete tetraplegia, and 1 female and male each had incomplete paraplegia. All of them were outpatients during the group activity. For all participants, the cause of SCI was traumatic (years from injury: M = 38.1; min = 26; max = 50; SD = 9.44). All four partners of the participants with SCI were females. The 11 group participants included 4 couples (8 individuals). One female participant with SCI reported not having a romantic or sexual partner.

Outcome measures. All participants (N = 11) improved significantly on SIS Scale item 5 (“What opportunity and ability do you have to enjoy sexuality yourself?”; z = -3; p < 0.01), SIS Scale total score (z = -2.53; p < 0.05), and BAI scores (z = -1.99; p < 0.05). The effect size was high in all cases (r = 0.90, r = 0.76, and r = 0.60, respectively). There was no difference in the scores for the SIS general satisfaction after injury or BDI.

A significant effect was found on SIS scale item 5 (“What opportunity and ability do you have to enjoy sexuality yourself?”) for both patients (N = 7; z = -2.24; p < 0.05) and partners (N = 4; z = -2; p < 0.05) with a high effect size (r = 0.84 and r = 1, respectively). There were no effects for the total score or general satisfaction after injury for the SIS scale, BDI-II, or BAI. Further, there were no significant differences between sexes or patients and partners. See [1] for more details on the pilot data of Study 1

Study 2

In this second study, our purpose with respect to the Study 1 was to also collect data for a qualitative analysis of participant dialogues. Recruitment procedures and eligibility criteria, measurements and procedures were the same as in Study 1. A Sony ICD-PX312 audio-recorder was added to record the dialogues of each meeting.

Results of Study 2: Sample. Seven participants (female:N = 1); 2 males had complete paraplegia, 2 males had complete tetraplegia, 1 male had incomplete paraplegia, and 1 male had incomplete tetraplegia. Five of them were outpatients during the group activity. For 5, the cause of SCI was traumatic (years from injury: M = 8; min = 0.75; max = 11; SD = 3.03). The participating female was the partner of a male with SCI, the only couple in the group. Three male participants with SCI reported not having a romantic or sexual partner.

Outcome measures. Although not significant, there was an increase in the raw values for all participants (N = 7) on SIS Scale item 5 (“What opportunity and ability do you have to enjoy sexuality yourself?”; M = 1.29 to 3.57), SIS Scale total score (M = 10.86 to 13.14), and SIS Scale general satisfaction after injury score (M = -1.57 to -2). The effect size was medium in all cases (r = 0.36, r = 0.46, and r = 0.60, respectively). There were no significant differences in the scores for BDI-II and BAI and between genders or patients and partners.

Qualitative analysis assisted by Atlas.ti 8. The software was used to process all participants’ on the base of the grounded theory [26]. Three main themes were identified, supported by seven categories: (1) disabled sexuality (e.g., “I don’t know how your body can react to my caress, it’s not like before”); (2) influences of family and social environment (e.g., “I’ve seen them look at me differently”); and (3) effects of psychoeducational intervention (e.g., “I have discovered that sexuality is not only physical, but there is also the more satisfying aspect, which is, really, that which goes beyond the physical part”). These three themes can be assumed to represent three stages of the same process—each one inextricably influenced by the others—and resulting in the ultimate purpose of the intervention, namely to achieve sexual health after SCI. See [27] for more details of the qualitative data analysis.

Limitations of the studies

Future research might overcome some limitations of the present studies. These include, for example, increasing the sample size, given that the sample of participants observed in the present studies prevents us from generalizing the results as representative of the Italian population of SCI. In addition, a randomized controlled trial might reduce bias when evaluating psychoeducational intervention.

As the reader may have noticed, several references provided are over 10 years old some up to 20 years old. Although scientific research has never stopped conducting research on the topics of this article, some of which very recent (such as those conducted by the author), nevertheless, the main concepts underlying patriarchal culture and androcentrism concerning sexuality and disability have not substantially changed despite the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the feminist movement [28]. Therefore, I have preferred to cite the “classics” of literature relevant to our topic.

CONCLUSION

“She” opened this paper, casting a glance at a woman who, behind the expressed question, “Doctor, will I ever walk again?” hid an untold and censored one, “Will I be able to have sex?” There is no place for sexual pleasure when She is forced to give thanks for a life that has been given back to her but no longer contemplates sexual health. A disabled body has disabled sexuality [29]. But what was surprising was not so much the well-known condition of a woman with an (unattractive) body as much as that of males with SCI. They were affected, indeed they themselves possessed the same attitudes and stereotypes towards themselves that emerge from the medical model and the patriarchal culture [30]. Having erectile dysfunction and inhibited ejaculation, loss of sensation and physical impairment meant that their sex life is over [31]. In a phallocentric world, a man with SCI is a half-man [32]. The male participants in two growth groups were reluctant to even imagine the possibility of talking about an (psychological) orgasm or talking about masturbation, as their penises were no longer sensitive and were turgid. The myth of the bodily perfection and the “fucking ideology” [29] in the path of L&L hit males and females indiscriminately, accumulating both in the disabled category, as abnormal, depriving them equally of the right to pleasure.

REFERENCES

1. Federici S, Artegiani F, Pigliautile M, Antonelli P, Diotallevi D, Ritacco I, et al. Enhancing Psychological Sexual Health of People with Spinal Cord Injury and Their Partners in an Italian Unipolar Spinal Unit: A Pilot Data Study. Front Psychol. 2019; 10: 754.

2. The Lancet. Disability: beyond the medical model. Lancet. 2009; 374(9704): 1793.

3. Tremain S. We’re Here. We’re Disabled and Queer. Get Used to It. In: Tremain S, editor. Pushing the Limits: Disabled Dykes Produce Culture. Toronto, CA: Women’s Press; 1996; 15–24.

4. O’Toole CJ, Bregante JL. Lesbians with disabilities. Sex Disabil. 1992; 10: 163-72.

5. Limoncin E, Carta R, Gravina GL, Carosa E, Ciocca G, Di Sante S, et al. The sexual attraction toward disabilities: a preliminary internetbased study. Int J Impot Res. 2014; 26: 51-54.

6. APA (American Psychiatric Association). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.

7. Stone SD. The myth of bodily perfection. Disabil Soc. 1995; 10: 413–24.

8. Thompson SA, Bryson M, De Castell S. Prospects for Identity Formation for Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual Persons with Developmental Disabilities. Int J Disab Dev Educ. 2001; 48: 53–65.

9. Tooby J, Cosmides L. The Psychological Foundation of culture. In: Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J, editors. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1992; 19–136.

10.Buss DM. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. 4th edn. Boston, NY: Pearson; 2012.

11.Buss DM, editor. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Volume 1 - Foundations. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley; 2016.

12.Rozin P, Todd PM. The Evolutionary Psychology of Food Intake and Choice. In: Buss DM, editor. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Volume 1 - Foundations. 1. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley; 2016. 183–205.

13. Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Kurzban R, DeScioli P. Disgust: Evolved function and structure. Psychol Rev. 2013; 120: 65–84.

14. Park JH, Faulkner J, Schaller M. Evolved Disease-Avoidance Processes and Contemporary Anti-Social Behavior: Prejudicial Attitudes and Avoidance of People with Physical Disabilities. J Nonverbal Behav. 2003; 27: 65–87.

15.Meloni F, Federici S, Bracalenti M, editors. A cognitive approach to the functioning of the disability models. 17th International Association of Psychology & Psychiatry for Adults & Children Conference: APPAC ’12; 2012 May 15–18; Athens, GR: MEDIMOND.

16.Code L, editor. Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories. London, UK: Taylor and Francis; 2002.

17.Ranke-Heinemann U. Eunuchen für das Himmelreich: Katholische Kirche und Sexualität. Hamburg, DE: Hoffmann und Campe; 1990.

18.Thrussell H, Coggrave M, Graham A, Gall A, Donald M, Kulshrestha R, et al. Women’s experiences of sexuality after spinal cord injury: a UK perspective. Spinal Cord. 2018; 56: 1084–94.

19. Kettl P, Zarefoss S, Jacoby K, Garman C, Hulse C, Rowley F, et al. Female sexuality after spinal cord injury. Sex Disabil. 1991; 9: 287–95.

20. WHO (World Health Organization). Developing sexual health programmes: A framework for action. Geneva, CH: WHO; 2010.

21. Federici S, Lepri A. The Right to Pleasure of People with Spinal Cord Injury and Their Partners. Psychiatria Danubina. 2021; 33: 29–32.

22. Siösteen A, Lundqvist C, Blomstrand C, Sullivan L, Sullivan M. Sexual ability, activity, attitudes and satisfaction as part of adjustment in spinal cord-injured subjects. Paraplegia. 1990; 28: 285–95.

23.Beck AT. BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory - II. Florence, IT: Giunti OS. 2012.

24.Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Anxiety Inventory manual. San Antonio, TX: PsychCorp/Pearson; 1993.

25.Beck AT, Steer RA. BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory. Manuale. Florence, IT: Giunti OS. 2007.

26. Corbin JM, Strauss AL. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2015.

27. Federici S, Artegiani F, Diotallevi D, Caruso G, Castellani Mencarelli A. Spplementary Materials to Psychological Sexual Health of People with Paraplegia. Reserchgatenet. 2020.

28.Higgins C. The age of patriarchy: How an unfashionable idea became a rallying cry for feminism today. The Guardian. 2018.

29. Shakespeare T. Disabled Sexuality: Toward Rights and Recognition. Sex Disabil. 2000; 18: 159-66.

30. Federici S, Lepri A, D’Urzo E. Sex/Gender Attribution: When the Penis Makes the Difference. Arch Sex Behav. 2021.

31. Tepper MS. Letting Go of Restrictive Notions of Manhood: Male Sexuality, Disability and Chronic Illness. Sex Disabil. 1999; 17: 37–52.

32. Zilbergeld B. The New Male Sexuality: The Truth About Men, Sex, and Pleasure. Revised ed. New York, NY: Bantam Books; 2013.

Federici S (2022) No More Sex for You, Only for Men: Inequality in Right to Enjoy Sexuality for Women with Spinal Cord Injury. JSM Sexual Med 6(1): 1080.

Received : 24 Feb 2022
Accepted : 29 Mar 2022
Published : 31 Mar 2022
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X