Loading

Importance of Measures against Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis as a Superantigen Disease

Short Communication | Open Access | Volume 5 | Issue 3

  • 1. Departments of Clinical Allergology, Neurology Clinic Tsudanuma, Japan
  • 2. Departments of Neurology, Neurology Clinic Tsudanuma, Japan
  • 3. Internal Medicine, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Japan
  • 4. Clinical Pathology, Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital, Japan
  • 5. Department of Neurology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Kazuo Sugimoto, Departments of Clinical Allergology, Neurology Clinic Tsudanuma, Japan
ABSTRACT

Patients with AD showed high incidence of duodenitis and cervical spine as a disorder other than skin. We experienced many cases where treatment resulted in improvement of eruptions of AD and other disorders other than skin were alleviated. We also experienced patients with AD with duodenitis normalized by repeated testing. In the same case of AD, many disorders of the organs of the duodenum and the cervical spine were observed. The toxin produced by S. aureus detected from the skin of patients with AD was high rate.

Citation

Sugimoto K, Hattori T, Kitsukawa Y, Aotsuka A, Wada T, et al. (2017) Importance of Measures against Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis as a Superanti gen Disease. J Dermatolog Clin Res 5(3): 1103.

BACKGROUND

There are reports that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is involved in the onset and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) [1]. In the United States bleach bath therapy is incorporated into the guidelines for treatment of AD. For these reasons, measures against S. aureus in AD are important. In addition to skin, Yamada et al. [2], reported inflammation of intestinal tract for patients with AD, and Kira et al. [3], reported inflammation of the cervical vertebrae. Kino et al. [4], reported inflammation in the colon of infants with AD. Ito et al. [5], reported the neurologic findings and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with AD, they concluded that AD might become the risk factor in disc degeneration. IgE antibody titers to the toxin which is produced by S. aureusis able to reflect the pathogenesis of AD as shown in a number of reports [6-9].

METHOD

In addition to the conventional treatment with topical steroids and moisturizing agents for AD patients the researchers treated S. aureususing disinfectants, such as Isodine® solution [10]. As a result, short term improvements in patients’ skin rash were seen. For patients who wish to be examined among AD patients, patients with abnormalities such as neurological reflex were further examined for MRI of the cervical vertebrae. In addition, endoscopic examination including duodenal biopsy was performed for those who wanted examination among patients with AD. Detection of toxins produced by S. aureus was also examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in S. aureus specimens detected from rashes of patients with AD. We also examined IgE antibodies to SEA and SEBof AD patients over time.

RESULTS

Regarding the neurological abnormalities that are sometimes seen in patients with AD, we identified neurological abnormalities in 89 patients of 110 AD patients (80.9%). Using MRI, we also observed an abnormality in the cervical spine of 54 patients of 69 AD patients (78.2%) who showed a neurological abnormality.

We have observed 21 patients of the 32 AD patients (65.6%) in the damage of both the duodenum and the cervical spine. We also observed duodenitis in 43 of 53 duodenal-biopsied AD patients. Along with the improvement of the rash by Staphylococcal disinfection skin care method for AD that we have developed [10], of 12 patients with repeated duodenum biopsies, the duodenitis had normalized in five cases [11]. We have already reported detection rate of toxin using PCR from S. aureus, which is detected from patients with AD who visited our hospital. The detection rates of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C and E were 9.7, 55.6, 7.7 and 30.6%, respectively. The detection rate of toxic shock syndrometoxin 1 was 6.6% and those of exfoliative toxins A and Bwere 4.1 and 1.5%. The total detection rate of toxins was80.1% from 196 S. aureus strains [11].

DISCUSSION

We developed a treatment regimen that uses a disinfectant against S. aureus detected from the skin of a patient with AD as a general treatment for the treatment of AD, We have reported some effects [10-13].There is also a report that S. aureus is involved in the onset and exacerbation of AD [1]. In the United States bleach bath therapy is incorporated into the guidelines for treatment of AD. For these reasons, measures against S. aureus in AD are important. S. aureus produces toxins at a high rate. Produced toxin acts as a superantigen [15] to humans. Ochi et al. [16], reported that superantigen is involved in disorders of the cervical spine. In patients with AD, many disorders of the intestinal tract and cervical vertebrae are found in addition to the skin. In the same patient with AD, there were many cases in which disorder of the intestinal tract and cervical vertebrae was observed in addition to the skin, and the frequency was high, and we experienced cases where the disorder became normal when worried by treatment. We also experienced a number of cases in which treatment with IgE antibodies to SEA and SEB of patients with AD improves over time by treatment [6-9]. Last year, authors had reported for the first time in the world that AD may be one of the Superantigens Diseases [17]. The Journal of Pharmaceutical Microbiology titled Staphylococcus aureus vs. AD published in April 2016 was published [18].

CONCLUSION

Lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis were not only in the skin but also in the intestinal tract and the cervical vertebrae with high frequency disorder. A high rate of S. aureus is detected from rash in patients with AD. S. aureus produces toxins. The detection rate of toxin produced by S. aureus is high, and toxin acts on people as superantigens. IgE antibodies to SEA and SEB are improved by improvement of eruption. For these reasons, AD was proposed as the world’s first super-antigenic disease last year [17]. From now on, it seems indispensable to introduce a treatment which takes wide countermeasures against S. aureus in treatment of AD [10-14,17-19].

REFERENCES
  1. Kobayashi T, Glatz M, Horiuchi K, Kawasaki H, Akiyama H, Kaplan DH, et al. Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Drives Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis. Immunity. 2015; 42: 756-766.
  2. Yamada H, Izutani R, Chihara J, Yudate T, Matsukura M, Tezuka T. RANTES mRNA expression in skin and colon of patients with atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996; 111: 19-21.
  3. Kira J, Yamasaki K, Kawano Y, Kobayashi T. Acute myelitis associated hyperIgEemia and atopic dermatitis. NeurolSci. 1997; 148: 199-203.
  4. Kino M, Kojima T, Yamamoto A, Sasal M, Taniuchi S, Kobayashi Y. Bowel wall thickening in infants with food allergy. PediatrRadiol. 2002; 32: 31-33.
  5. Ito S, Hattori T, Fukutake T, Sugimoto K. Is atopic dermatitis a risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration? A preliminary clinical and MRI study. J NeurolSci. 2003; 206: 39-42.
  6. Bunikowski R, Mielke M, Skarabis H, Herz U, Bergmann R, Wahn U, et al. Prevalence and role of serum IgE antibodies to the Staphylococcus aureus-derived superantigens SEA and SEB in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1998; 103: 119-124.
  7. Nomura I, Tanaka K, Tomita H, Katsunuma T, Ohya Y, Ikeda N, et al. Evaluation of the staphylococcal exotoxins and their specific IgE in childhood atopic dermatitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1999; 104: 441-446.
  8. Tada J, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J, Kato H. Presence of specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 1996; 6: 552-554.
  9. Bunikowski R, Mielke MEA, Sakarabis H, Worm M, Anagnostopoulos I, Kolde G, et al. Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus -derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 2000; 105: 814-819.
  10. Sugimoto K, Kuroki H, Kanazawa M, Kurosaki T, Abe H, Takahashi Y, et al. New successful treatment with disinfectant for atopic dermatitis. Dermatol. 1997; 195: 62-68.
  11. Sugimoto K, Ishikawa N, Terano T, Kitukawa Y, Kubosawa H, Ito S, et al. The importance of Bacterial Superantigens Produced by Staphylococcus aureus in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Using Povidone-Iodine. Dermatology. 2006; 212: 26-34.
  12. Sugimoto K, Ishikawa N, Sugioka T, Nakamura M, Koneki H, Shoichi Ito. Isojin® disinfectant therapy for atopic dermatitis. Japanese J Pediatric Dermatol. 1998; 17: 103-107.
  13. Sugimoto K, Ishikawa N, Ogawa A. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus by disinfection treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. Hifu. 1998; 40: 117-124.
  14. Sugimoto K, Ishikawa N, Sugioka T, Koseki H, Kubosawa H, Kagawa S, et al. The importance of disinfection therapy using povidone-iodine solution in atopic dermatitis. Dermatology. 2002; 204: 63-69.
  15. White J, Herman A, Pullen AM, Kubo R, K appler JW, Marrack P. The Vbeta-specifi c superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: stimulation of mature T cells and clonal detection in neonatal mice. Cell. 1989; 56: 17-35.
  16. Ochi H, Osoegawa M, Murai H, Minohara M, Taniwaki T, Kira J. Presence of IgE Antibodies to Bacterial Superantigens and Increased IL-13-Producing T Cells in Myelitic Patients with Atopic Diathesis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004; 134: 41-48.
  17. Sugimoto K, Kitukawa Y, Aotsuka A, Wada T, Kubosawa H, Shoichi Ito. Is Atopic Dermatitis One of the Superantigens Diseases?. J DermatologClin Res. 2015; 3: 1052-1053.
  18. Sugimoto K. Staphylococcus-aureus-vs-Atopic-Dermatitis. J Pharm Microbiol. 2016; 2: 8: 1-3.
  19. Sugimoto K, Hattori T, Kitukawa Y, Aotsuka A, Wada T, Kubosawa H, et al. The Treatment of Symptoms in Atopic Dermatitis as a Superantigen Disease. J Microbiol Modern Tech. 2016; 1: 1-3.

Sugimoto K, Hattori T, Kitsukawa Y, Aotsuka A, Wada T, et al. (2017) Importance of Measures against Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Der matitis as a Superantigen Disease. J Dermatolog Clin Res 5(3): 1103.

Received : 17 Nov 2017
Accepted : 09 May 2017
Published : 10 May 2017
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X