Loading

Annals of Nursing and Practice

Managing Nasal Congestion in Young Children; Qualitative Analysis of Parental Online Discussion

Research Article | Open Access | Volume 10 | Issue 1

  • 1. School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
  • 2. School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK
  • 3. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Helen Smith, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore
ABSTRACT

Objective: Nasal congestion is a troublesome symptom in children, most often associated with upper respiratory tract infections or rhinitis (nonallergic or allergic), causing difficulties breathing, sleeping, and feeding, particularly in young children. Little is known about the challenges parents face when administering nasal treatments or using devices to reduce nasal secretions.

Design: This study was a thematic analysis of written exchanges between parents of young children discussing in online forums their experiences of dealing with nasal congestion.

Results: From the 66 forum discussion threads and 2 blog posts with 153 unique contributors we identified three key themes: 1) Children’s emotional and physical responses to parental attempts to relieve nasal congestion, 2) Parental distress, and 3) Strategies for relieving nasal congestion parents shared with each other.

Conclusions: These descriptions of distress experienced by young children and the worry of their parents is a powerful reminder to health care professionals that procedures common and routine in health care may be challenging to parents. We suggest that the advice given to parents needs to go beyond prescribing or recommending a device to include advice on how to use these products, with tips on how to hold the child, distraction techniques and how to allay distress in the infant or toddler. Forewarned of the potential challenges and equipped with coping strategies, parents can alleviate their own and their child’s distress when dealing with nasal congestion.

KEYWORDS
  • Online discussion
  • Nasal congestion
  • Young children
  • Parents
  • Qualitative research
  • Internet
  • Asia Pacific Region
CITATION

 Wee HJ, Jones CJ, Smith H (2023) Managing Nasal Congestion in Young Children; Qualitative Analysis of Parental Online Discussion. Ann Nurs Pract 10(1): 1130.

INTRODUCTION

Nasal congestion is a common symptom in children, most often associated with upper respiratory tract infections and rhinitis (nonallergic or allergic [1]. It is troublesome, causing difficulties breathing, sleeping and feeding, particularly in babies who are obligate nasal breathers [2]. There are many non-pharmacological treatments and medical devices readily available, including nasal aspirators, but anecdotally parents often find these ineffective or difficult to use. Surprisingly, little research has focussed on the challenges parents face when their baby or toddler has a stuffy nose or is congested. Online parenting discussion forums are a frequent sources for information about children’s health; market-research done by Yahoo! found that 86% of new parents relied on the internet for information and >50% found that the internet has helped[3]. Using online discussion sites as a data source for research is an emerging technique [4,] which provides data readily. This study explores the challenges parents encounter when dealing with nasal congestion in their young children by analysing what parents in Southeast Asia write about their experiences in online discussion forums.

METHODS

Data collection

Using the Google search engine we identified websites in Southeast Asia where parents discussed the care of their babies and young children. Fora were defined as originating from the region if indicated by: region or country in the name (e.g., asianparent.com); country specific domain extension (e.g. .au for Australia); or use of colloquial terms (e.g., Kiasuparents.com where ‘kiasu’ in Singlish means fear of losing out). Each forum or blog was searched using the keywords “blocked nose”, “how to give nasal drops” “nasal spray” “difficulties”, “struggles” , “baby”, “toddler”. Threads were downloaded, and each post identified with three descriptors 1) forum number, 2) sequence of discussion post in thread, 3) initials of originator, e.g., “F02, 5, d” represents the 5th message from forum 2, contributed by parent with pseudonym “dreamz”.

Data analysis

A systematic and inductive approach was used to generate themes from the textual data [5]. Two female researchers (HJW (novice) and HS (experienced)) repeatedly read the data and generated subthemes and themes which they shared with the third researcher (CJ) for checking, and comparison with the original data; any disagreements were discussed to reach consensus.

Ethical considerations

The British Psychological Society guidelines on internet mediated research[6], recommend using only openly accessible public web blogs and online forums. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, website addresses were not presented. All quotes illustrating themes were returned to Google, and if their origin 

responses to interventions to relieve their nasal congestion were plentiful. The extent of the child’s ‘hate’, ‘dislike’ or ‘fear’ of procedures was very apparent, e.g. “protests loudly”, “screams blue murder”, “screams the house down”, and often verbal objections were accompanied with physical resistance.

“I have difficulties sucking from my girl’s nose too... she will scream n shout n kick me...” (F2,44,J)

“The thing is he would not let you suction his nose, [neither] wipe his running nose. It’s been a hassle for both of us. He will either fight me or cry when I try to do so.” (F13,1,S)

was apparent they were paraphrased to ensure anonymity.

Patient and Public Involvement

Patients were not involved in the design of this study.

RESULTS

We found 153 relevant public discussion posts across 66 discussion forums and 2 blog posts (Table 1). Three key themes were identified 1) Children’s emotional and physical responses to parental attempts to relieve nasal congestion, 2) Parental distress and 3) Strategies for relieving nasal congestion parents shared with others.

Table 1: Data Extraction Summary.

Online discussion forums

(F) or Blogs (B)

Number of forum or blog posts relevant to paper

No. of unique names

identified

Range of dates of posts

Extraction date

F1

87

51

12-06-2005 to 15-09-2011

29-12-2018

F2

19

8

16-03-2011 to 17-03-2011

31-12-2018

F31

-

-

-

31-12-2018

F41

-

-

-

31-12-2018

F5

4

4

15-06-2006 to 22-06-2006

29-12-2018

F6

6

4

03-12-2012 to 04-12-2012

29-12-2018

F7

10

8

21-06-2018 to 22-06-2018

29-12-2018

F8

11

9

04-04-2012 to 10-05-2012

29-12-2018

F9

18

8

30-07-2018 to 30-07-2018

29-12-2018

F10

15

10

27-08-2016 to 31-08-2016

29-12-2018

F11

7

7

12-01-2018 to 12-01-2018

29-12-2018

F12

15

7

03-06-2018 to 17-06-2018

29-12-2018

F13

15

7

21-07-2016 to 27-07-2016

29-12-2018

F14

11

11

03-06-2016 to 06-06-2016

30-12-2018

F15

4

3

22-08-2017 to 23-08-2017

30-12-2018

F16

14

9

11-07-2015 to 12-07-2015

30-12-2018

F17

8

6

26-04-2014 to 26-04-2014

30-12-2018

F18

13

8

23-11-2005 to 23-11-2005

31-12-2018

F19

4

4

05-08-2009 to 06-08-2009

31-12-2018

F20

3

2

27-04-2011 to 28-04-2011

01-01-2019

F21

16

7

23-03-2007 to 23-03-2007

01-01-2019

F221

-

-

-

01-01-2019

F23

6

5

04-10-2017 to 09-10-2017

30-12-2018

F24

16

12

28-09-2016 to 03-10-2016

30-12-2018

F25

10

9

08-10-2016 to 09-10-2016

30-12-2018

F26

15

14

09-07-2015 to 12-07-2015

30-12-2018

F27

9

7

13-07-2016 to 14-07-2016

30-12-2018

F28

10

8

22-03-2014 to 23-03-2014

30-12-2018

F29

24

15

27-06-2017 to 29-06-2017

30-12-2018

F30

17

11

06-04-2016 to 08-04-2016

30-12-2018

F31

14

10

24-06-2014 to 29-06-2014

30-12-2018

F32

7

7

14-03-2017 to 14-03-2017

30-12-2018

F33

2

2

2 years ago

30-12-2018

F341

-

-

-

01-01-2019

F35

7

6

17-07-2009 to 19-07-2009

30-12-2018

F361

-

-

-

01-01-2019

F37

3

3

15-03-2012 to 15-03-2012

01-01-2019

F38

17

8

26-02-2009 to 27-02-2009

30-12-2018

F39

7

7

04-07-2017 to 05-07-2017

30-12-2018

F40

2

2

2 years ago

30-12-2018

F41

2

2

1 year ago

30-12-2018

F42

65

34

16-07-2009 To 25-12-2011

30-12-2018

F431

-

-

-

01-01-2019

F44

6

5

11 years ago

30-12-2018

F45

5

3

30-10-2016 to 30-10-2016

30-12-2018

F46

11

11

16-07-2016 to 17-07-2016

30-12-2018

F47

10

8

26-10-2016 to 27-10-2016

30-12-2018

F48

3

3

20-02-2017 to 20-02-2017

30-12-2018

F49

6

6

08-04-2017 to 08-04-2017

30-12-2018

F50

7

7

26-08-2015 to 26-08-2015

30-12-2018

F51

9

6

13-06-2017 to 14-06-2017

30-12-2018

F52

8

8

05-04-2017 to 06-04-2017

30-12-2018

F53

7

5

14-05-2015 TO 14-05-2015

30-12-2018

F54

2

2

2 years ago

30-12-2018

F55

8

5

15-05-2018 to 16-05-2008

01-01-2019

F56

7

7

18-06-2017 to 18-06-2017

30-12-2018

F57

59

26

26-07-2010 to 24-10-2014

30-12-2018

F58

8

6

30-08-2018 to 01-09-2018

30-12-2018

F59

4

4

01-08-2017 to 02-08-2017

30-12-2018

F60

9

9

8 years ago

30-12-2018

F611

-

-

-

01-01-2019

F62

21

13

31-03-2009 to 31-03-2009

01-01-2019

F63

18

13

14-09-2011 to 15-09-2011

01-01-2019

F64

9

7

08-06-2017 to 09-06-2017

31-12-2018

F65

21

19

20-03-2009 to 19-04-2011

31-12-2018

F66

3

3

04-09-2010 to 04-09-2010

01-01-2019

B1

-

-

04-07-2017

01-01-2019

B2

-

-

27-02-2017

01-01-2019

Forum was closed in November 2020

Children’s emotional and physical responses

Negative reactions: The descriptions of children’s negative Sometimes parents recalled similar experiences previously

with an older sibling.

“He screams bloody murder, my dd [darling daughter] did the same” (F53,3,J)

Occasionally children displayed a conditioned response, for example just seeing a bottle of saline drops or having their face touched invoked a negative reaction.

“She just keeps moving her head side to side, even when I only touch her face, ha poor bubba, I have her tormented!” (F24,5,P).

Prolonged reactions: Some negative responses were sustained after the nasal stuffiness had resolved, one mother described how when dealing with nasal congestion in a younger child, the older sibling still runs away.

“I have Snotty [battery operated nasal aspirator] too…I bought it for my first daughter- she is three years old now and she runs away from me like a mad chook whenever she sees it, or hears it” (F17,6,Z)

Occasionally the child’s negative responses stimulated spontaneous nasal clearance “DD [Darling Daughter] hated the saline drops so much she started to scream and snuffle …. and a huge plug of snot flew out” (F3,7,T)

Parental distress

Negative emotions: Distress associated with nasal medication and decongestion techniques were not confined to the child, parents also described their own negative emotions. They described their fear, “I’m scared of the sucker thing too” and shared their frustrations, describing failed activities.

My bb had some dried wet mucus in her nose, but we can’t seem to get it out. Tried to use wetted and twisted cotton wool.” (F37,1,M)

Fear of harming rather than helping: Some parents were cautious when intervening lest they harmed rather than helped their child.

“I’m really bad with the aspirator, terrified to give it a good

suck” (F9,2,B)

The size of the device and relative to the child’s size exacerbated their reluctance to intervene, “Those suction things are hard to use when they are little” (F13,10,K), but practicing on themselves sometimes allayed concerns, “I also had the same concern last time – choking. After trying it on myself to give myself peace of mind … I realised it’s actually ok” (F1,21,O)

Parental unfamiliarity with interventions: Parents recognised that the apparent lack of effectiveness of a medication, technique, or device to clear nasal congestion resulted from their own ignorance or inappropriate techniques.

“I always assumed that the bulb aspirator that came with the spray was pointless, until [doctor] told us we have to actually stick the aspirator up the nostril and close the other [nostril] before sucking out” (F32,5,J)

Strategies for relieving nasal congestion shared between parents

Topical strategies: Posts often started by asking for advice on how to administer nasal medications or how to relieve congestion, prompting others to express empathy, and share techniques that had helped them; one tip frequently shared tip was closing the nostrils “I’ve been using the bulb sucker for quite some time, if I gently pinch his nose closed…it works a lot better.” (F6,4,J)

Parent also spoke about appropriate positioning and different formulations.

Lay [young child] on their back and put the tip of the saline spray bottle just inside one nostril and squeeze one or two drops into nose… can control how much goes in…and less likely to cause baby to overreact” (F33,2,YL)

“I also bought saline spray instead of drops because easier to

administer” (F15,4,N-4)

When describing drops, solutions or sprays, caution was expressed about ‘medicated preparations’ and ‘decongestants’; “If you get either the nasal sprays or droppers, just make sure it’s only normal saline.  the medicated ones can make baby’s delicate nasal

passages swollen, red & sore” (F60,9,M) One parent shared how they needed surgery themselves after prolonged decongestant use.

Some parents described using ‘play’ or ‘distraction’ to increase the child’s cooperation.

“He has let me…squirt up each nostril so far, we have made a game of it …it has helped” (F36,3,S)

“I have to be quick, and distract him with a toy or something… best if I’m holding him, or if he’s sitting in his highchair.” (F22,2,S)

Others delayed intervention until the child was asleep, “I spray my bubs nose when he has gone to sleep, doesn’t even notice I’m spraying his nose. After a while I use a nasal syringe to extract the mucus.” (F24,2,RB)

Some parents described traditional approaches, e.g., Chinese

medicines and tapping:

“A monthly visit to the Chinese physician to get herbs to regulate his nose. We also tap his nose bridge with warm towel. That helps control the mucus ……and he sleeps better.” (F42,3,H)

Environmental strategies: Environmental adjustments, such as increasing a humidifier or creating a steamy environment, improved air circulation, or going to a swimming pool.

“A vaporizer may help. But if you don’t have one, boil your kettle without the lid on/ or put a pot of water on the stove to boil – both of which may help temporarily.” (F26,2,K)

The use of breast milk in the baby’s nose was recommended to soften the mucus, it was characterised as a ‘quick’ remedy, and often was ranked superior to more technical approaches, “Spray some breast milk in his nose. Much better than fess nasal spray because it is anti-bacterial  I hope your little one gets better

soon” (F25,3,M)

Restraint: Some parents described using force to restrain their child, enabling them to administer medication or use a device.

“I have to hold my LO [loved one] almost like a head lock

… sounds bad, but it doesn’t hurt him, I just hold him down.” (F24,10,ta)

Parent’s desire to be compliant with medical advice and to help their child was very powerful, but occasionally the child’s distress dominated, and they surrendered.

“I’m probably going to sound like a really lazy mum here, but none of my children have liked getting their noses sucked or sprayed, it’s a wrestling match, pin down, hold head kind-of-job, 

which usually needed two people, so I gave up & would only insist

on it if it was really bad” (F53,2,S)

Safety: The advice shared between parents was generally consistent with that found on websites developed by healthcare professionals. If recommending the use of medicated rubs, parents discussed putting it a distance from the nose, for example, “rubbing vicksvapour on her feet and covering it with socks”. Elevating the head of the infant’s bed is not recommended by professionals because of an increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), but was proposed by parents. One parent, aware her advice contradicted recommendations, descried mitigating circumstances for its use:

“…for my bubs I elevate the mattress (this goes against Sids [sic] so only do it if comfortable) -we have a video monitor, breathing pads, and I’m a very light sleeper so I’m comfortable doing this” (F39,2,K)

DISCUSSION

Summary

This unique overview of what parents share about their young children’s nasal congestion on internet discussion sites highlights the distress experienced by the child and the parents. Parents ask for advice on how to relieve nasal congestion, how to administer nasal medications and saline solutions, and how to use devices for extracting nasal secretions. In response, other parents expressed empathy, sharing tips from their personal experiences of caring for a child with a blocked nose. They described helpful medications, devices, environmental interventions, as well as ways to restrain the child and encourage cooperation. The advice offered was generally safe and consistent with that available on websites written by health professionals. Parents were aware of the potential danger of medicated rubs in infants [7], and advised appropriately, but the advice on elevation of the head of the child’s bed conflicted with recommendations to reduce SIDS.

  • Strengths and limitationsThis online search quickly identified rich data about a sensitive and little explored parental challenge, the management of nasal congestion in young children. By using non-reactive [6], or naturally occurring [8], data our subjects were unaware of the researcher. The threads describing parental fears and ignorance illustrates the potential advantage of this method, our subjects did not perceive any need to respond in a socially desirable manner [9].
  • Text presentation was sometimes informal, with errors of literacy, punctuation, and spelling, however the meaning was always clear. Without the need for interviews or transcription, this method of data collection is fast and cheap.
  • However, a limitation is the unavailability of participants’ demographics and no opportunity to explore further the situations described are limitations.
  • A review of online discussions from over a decade ago

described the typical online parent as white, middle class, first time mother, under 35 [9]. Internet access has since expanded, but this method may still exclude some. In contrast, it facilitates participation of groups traditionally excluded from research (e.g., those with restricted mobility, informal carers or residents of rural settings).

  • Unlike verbal interactions, online forums enable people to respond at their convenience; they do not have to assert their wish to speak, encouraging contributions from more reserved participants [10].

Themes in relation to previous findings

Children’s fears or negative attitudes towards medications is widely recognised and its impact on adherence and suboptimal treatment with oral medications has been written about since the 1960’s [11], but far less is known about response to nasal medications and devices. The research on nasal medications tends to focus chronic conditions (e.g., persistent rhinitis) managed in specialist clinics. In Singaporean ENT outpatients almost a quarter (24.7%) of parents asked about the frequency of topical nasal medication refusal reported non-compliance, especially in children <6 years old [12]. In contrast, an American study of parents whose children were prescribed nasal saline irrigation reported tolerance of the treatment, irrespective of age [13]. However, this observation is misleading as it excludes the views of those unable to master irrigation after instruction or who were uncompliant, thus overestimating the tolerance reported.

Clinical implications

Using nasal medications and nasal aspirators can generate significant child resistance and parent-child conflict, not dissimilar to what has been recognized for many years when giving oral medications to young children [14]. Parents described how immobilising their child to achieve compliance challenges their role as guardian and caregiver. In paediatric clinical practice the use of restraint (also referred to as clinical [15], therapeutic [16], or supportive [17], holding) is commonly used with pre-school children, but it is known to generate undesirable psychological sequelae, including fear, anger, confusion, and emotional stress, both immediately and longer term [18,19]. Advising parents how to deal with their young child’s reticence to have their nasal discharge cleared needs to be addressed early as there may be difficulty changing the child’s response once an uncooperative pattern of behaviour has developed. To minimise these undesirable consequences, healthcare professionals need to be proactive, sharing techniques that minimise distress and maximise compliance when recommending medications and devices. Another avenue for exploration is greater involvement of parents in the development and design of devices, to ensure they are easy to use. There is a natural tendency when people fail to succeed with a product to blame themselves, but this has been challenged by Don Norman, a cognitive scientist, who proposed that when people have difficulty mastering unfamiliar technology the fault lies not with the user but with the designer [20]. When devices are used only occasionally, as is the case for clearing nasal congestion, the design needs to be intuitive, because however well learnt, it is rarely rehearsed.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of online discussion highlights how some parents struggle to clear their young child’s nasal congestion and seek advice from other parents. In many instances the distress described appears to be significant for both the child and the parent. Documenting these difficult scenarios can act as a reminder to health care professionals that any recommendation to relieve a child’s nasal stuffiness with nasal medications or a device needs to be accompanied with clear explanations of how to employ their recommendation. If parents are forewarned of the potential difficulties encountered, given tips on administration, and briefed about coping strategies should the child resist, more parents will be informed and confident when reducing nasal congestion.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC

-Nasal congestion is a troublesome symptom in young children, most often associated with upper respiratory tract infections or rhinitis, causing difficulties breathing, sleeping, and feeding.

-There is little research on the challenges parents face when administering nasal treatments or using devices to reduce nasal secretions for their baby or toddler.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

-Parental online discussion highlights how some parents struggle to clear their young

child’s nasal congestion and seek advice from other parents.

-The distress experienced by children and parents is a powerful reminder to health care professionals that common clinical procedures may be challenging to parents.

- Managing nasal congestion needs HCPs to go beyond prescribing and to educate how to administer treatment and to cope with a child’s distress.

-Forewarning parents of the challenges of managing nasal congestion, and sharing coping strategies could boost confidence and minimize short- and long-term sequelae.

AUTHORSHIP

All authors (HJW, CCJ and HES) made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study. HJW collected the data and all authors contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data. HJW drafted the first manuscript, and all authors were involved in subsequent drafts and revisions, contributing critically and intellectually. All authors have approved the final submission.

FUNDING

There are no funders to report for this submission, as this work received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public or commercial or not-for -profit sectors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to acknowledge that Han Jing Wee was able to undertake this work as part of the Nanyang Technological University Singapore’s Undergraduate Research Programme on CAmpus (URECA).

DATA SHARING

Data can be shared, in a format that is modified to protect the identification of the source and the person who wrote it.

REFERENCES
  1. Naclerio RM, Bachert C, Baraniuk JN. Pathophysiology of nasal congestion. Int J Gen Med. 2010; 3: 47-57.
  2. Chirico G, Beccagutti F. Nasal obstruction in neonates and infants. Minerva Pediatr. 2010; 62: 499-505.
  3. Plantin L, Daneback K. Parenthood, information and support on the internet. A literature review of research on parents and professionals online. BMC Fam Pract. 2009; 10: 1-12.
  4. Smith H, Bulbul A, Jones CJ. Can Online Discussion Sites Generate Quality Data for Research Purposes? Frontiers in Public Health. 2017; 5: 156.
  5. 5. Guest G, MacQueen KM, Namey EE. Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 2012.
  6. British Psychological Society. Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediatedResearch [Internet]. 2013.
  7. Abanses JC, Arima S, Rubib BK. Vicks VapoRub induces mucin secretion, decreases ciliary beat frequency, and increase tracheal mucus transport in the ferret trachea. Chest. 2009; 135: 143-148.
  8. Potter J, Hepburn A. Qualitative interviews in psychology: Problemsand possibilities. Qualitative research in Psychology. 2005; 2: 281-307.
  9. Murray CD, Sixsmith J. E-mail: a qualitative research medium for interviewing? Int J Soc Res Methodol. 1998; 1: 101-121.
  10. Hiltz SR, Wellman B. Asynchronous learning networks as a virtual classromm. Communications ACM. 1997; 40: 44-49.
  11. Bergman AB, Werner RJ. Failure of children to receive penicillin by mouth. N Engl J Med. 1963: 268: 1334-1338.
  12. Wong IYZ, Soh SE, Chng SY, Shek LPC, Goh DYT, Van Bever HPS, et al. Compliance with topical nasal mediation-an evaluation in children with rhinitis. Paediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010; 21: 1146-1150.
  13. Jeffe JS, Bhushan B, Schroeder JW Jnr. Nasal saline irrigation in children: a study of compliance and tolerance. Int J Paediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012; 76: 409-413.
  14. Costello I, Wong IC, Nunn AJ. A literature review to identify interventions to improve to improve the use of medicines in children. Child Care Health Dev. 2004; 30: 647-665.
  15. Labrenos K, McArthur E. Introducing a clinical holding policy.Paediatric Nursing. 2003; 15: 30-33.
  16. Royal College of Nursing. Restrictive physical interventions and the clinical holding of children and young people: Guidance for nursing staff. London, UK: Royal College of Nursing. 2019.
  17. Jeffery K. Supportive holding or restraint: Terminology and practice.Paediatric Nursing. 2010; 22: 24-28.
  18. Bray L, Snodin J, Carter B. Holding and restraining children for clinical procedures within an acute care setting: An ethical consideration of the evidence. Nursing Inquiry. 2015; 22: 157-167.
  19. Brenner M. A need to protect: Parents’ experiences of the practice of restricting a child for a clinical procedure in hospital. Issues in Comprehensive Paediatric Nursing. 2013; 36: 5-16.
  20. Norman D. The design of everyday things. Revised and expanded edition. 2013. Basic Books. New York

Wee HJ, Jones CJ, Smith H (2023) Managing Nasal Congestion in Young Children; Qualitative Analysis of Parental Online Discussion. Ann Nurs Pract 10(1): 1130.

Received : 02 Jan 2023
Accepted : 20 Feb 2023
Published : 23 Feb 2023
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-9344
Launched : 2014
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X