Loading

Annals of Vascular Medicine and Research

Antioxidative Components in Atherosclerosis- Animal Experiments

Mini Review | Open Access Volume 7 | Issue 4 |

  • 1. Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Minamiseikyo Hospital, Japan
+ Show More - Show Less
Corresponding Authors
Takehiko Takayanagi, Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Minamiseikyo Hospital, box 4598016, 2-204, Minamiodaka, Nagoya, Japan Tel: 81526250373;
Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease characterized by oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol is a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can begin with shear stress-induced endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation and adhesion of monocytes to the activated endothelium. These monocytes, upon differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, can increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and become foam cells, thereby exacerbating inflammatory signaling. Although the prolonged use of antioxidative components, such as polyphenols and supplemental vitamins C and E, has been proven effective in preventing atherosclerosis in animal models, this has not yet been demonstrated in human clinical trials. The use of multiple antioxidants with different mechanisms of action simultaneously has shown positive effects in the treatment of atherosclerosis. There is some indication that a diet rich in antioxidants may be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular events.

Keywords

Antioxidant; Atherosclerosis; ox-LDL; Polyphenols

Citation

Takayanagi T (2020) Antioxidative Components in Atherosclerosis- Animal Experiments. Ann Vasc Med Res 7(4): 1114

ABBREVIATIONS

TBARS: 2-thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; LDL: Low-density Lipoprotein; OxLDL: Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein; LOX-1: Low-density Lipoprotein receptor-1; MMP-9: Matrix Metalloproteinase-9; PECAM-1: Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule

INTRODUCTION

Atherosclerosis-related ischemic heart disease and stroke have been major causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality for decades [1,2]. Atherosclerosis is considered a progressive inflammatory systemic disease primarily affecting the walls of large and medium arteries, such as the aorta and carotid and coronary arteries, at sites prone to shear stress, such as branches, curvatures, and bifurcations [3,4]. Cardiovascular (CV), risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [5,6]. Oxidative stress [7,8], is also found to be associated with some risk factors [9,10], of atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking [11-14].

Oxidative stress is defined as a state in which the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) , and the antioxidant defense mechanisms favors oxidation, either via overproduction of ROS or decrease in antioxidant capacity. ROS can denature or inactivate proteins, as well as oxidize lipids, especially phospholipids and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), to produce lipid peroxides and oxidized LDL (oxLDL). The oxidation of LDL is a complex process in which both the protein and the lipids undergo oxidative changes and form complex products. Oxidative stress can damage cells and tissues and impairs biological functions, which can result in arteriosclerosis [15], cancer [16], various lifestyle-related diseases [17], Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease [18], and many other diseases. Oxidative stress has also been reported to be involved in the aging process.

Strong evidence about the close relationship between oxLDL and atherosclerosis exists [19-21]. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which formation of atherosclerotic plaque is observed inside the artery [3,22,23]. ROS are generated by biological systems in instances of homeostatic disruption, such as in the case of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, acute conditions, including sepsis and respiratory failure, and following xenobiotic triggers like drugs and cigarette smoke [24,25]. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are among the most established enzymatic systems involved in atherosclerotic progression [25], and are also involved in the formation of ROS such as the superoxide anion[26,27] . In the early stage of atherogenesis, LDL oxidized by ROS (oxLDL), starts to accumulate in the subepithelial tissue and monocytes differentiate into proinflammatory macrophages, and further become foam cells due to the increased uptake of oxLDL [28-30]. Oxidative stress and LDL oxidation might play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by modulating NF-κB signaling pathways [31]. Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is also observed [32, 33]. It has been reported that a large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines are produced in the course of the onset of these pathological conditions [34], overproduction of which can also cause lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, and enzyme inhibition leading to various pathological conditions [35].

The side effects of currently prescribed synthetic drugs and their high cost for the treatment of atherosclerosis has led us to investigate alternative herbal medicines, dietary supplements, and antioxidants, which may have fewer side effects in treating atherosclerosis [36,37]. As the production of ROS and oxidized LDL can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis, the utilization of antioxidants may represent a rational therapeutic strategy to prevent disease progression [37]. Several antioxidants have demonstrated positive effects in various animal models of atherosclerosis. However, experiments in humans are limited or have not shown efficacy. Antioxidant combination therapies have been reported to be more effective overall, as antioxidants may ameliorate oxidation caused by drug therapies [38]. We investigated the effect of antioxidant-rich diet on the vascular, especially endothelial cells in the brain under the strong oxidative stress and hypoxia associated with arteriosclerosis. The AO diet reduced not only the production of lipid peroxide, but also suppressed and MMP-9 production (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Establishment of a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. a.-the production of TBARS b.-expression of MMP-9 in the brain endothelial cells Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.01

Figure 1: Establishment of a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. a.-the production of TBARS b.-expression of MMP-9 in the brain endothelial cells Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.01

It has been shown that polyphenols may reverse the observed decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and intracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by the stimulation of ROS production. This can lead to an increase in cyclic GMP, a mediator of NO-induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation via increased biological activity of NO [39,40]. Vitamin E, the most comprehensively studied lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans, can have protective effects against atherosclerosis via preventing endothelial dysfunction related to cholesterol, modulating the expression of adhesion molecules, such as VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on endothelial cells, and preserving endothelial NO release.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble and ubiquitous antioxidant [36,41], with the ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals and HOCL [41,42], enhance the NO production, inhib LDL peroxidation [43], and recycle other endogenous antioxidants such as vitamin E [44]. Vitamin C can also scavenge ROS, such as superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxyl radicals [45,46].

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low side-effect dietary supplements and antioxidants such as AO diet may be excellent therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression for the factors that the productions of ROS and oxidized LDL contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. The use of this kind of multiple antioxidants with different mechanisms of action may be more effective for the treatment of atherosclerosis via simultaneous suppression of LDL oxidation, reduction of ROS generation, inhibition of cytokine secretion, and prevention of atherosclerotic plaque formation (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Effects of antioxidant components on the vascular cells.

Figure 2: Effects of antioxidant components on the vascular cells.

REFERENCES

1. Herrington W, Lacey B, Sherliker P, Armitage J, Lewington S. Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease. Circ Res. 2016; 118: 535-546.

2. Steinberg D. Atherogenesis in perspective: hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 1211-1217.

3. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 685-695.

4. Libby P, Hansson GK. Inflammation and immunity in diseases of the arterial tree: players and layers. Circ Res. 2015; 116: 307-311.

5. Mauricio MD, Aldasoro M, Ortega J, Vila JM. Endothelial dysfunction in morbid obesity. Curr Pharm Des. 2013; 19: 5718-5729.

6. Molinaro R, Boada C, RosaL GMD, Hartman KA, Corbo C, Andrews EC, et al. Vascular Inflammation: A Novel Access Route for Nanomedicine. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2016; 12: 169-174.

7. Inoue N. Stress and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014; 21: 391-401.

8. Forstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2017; 120: 713-735.

9. van Rooy MJ, Pretorius E. Obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for atherosclerosis leading to ischemic events. Curr Med Chem. 2014; 21: 2121-2129.

10. Frohlich J, Al-Sarraf A. Cardiovascular risk and atherosclerosis prevention. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2013; 22: 16-18.

11. Harrison D, Griendling KK, Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 7A-11A.

12. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Kimura Y, Ito K, Shimokava H, Takeshita A. Increased reactive oxygen species in rostral ventrolateral medulla contribute to neural mechanisms of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation. 2004; 109: 2357-2362.

13. Reilly MP, Pratico D, Diminno G, Tremoli E, Rader D, Kapoor S, et al. Increased formation of distinct F2 isoprostanes in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2822-2828.

14. Zalba GA, Fortuno A, Diez J. Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in early chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21: 2686-2690.

15. Madamanchi NR, Moon SK, Hakim ZS, Clark S, Mehrizi A, Patterson C, et al. Differential activation of mitogenic signaling pathways in aortic smooth muscle cells deficient in superoxide dismutase isoforms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 950-956.

16. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward? Biochem J. 2007; 401: 1-11.

17. Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension: what is the clinical significance? Hypertension. 2004; 44: 248-252.

18. Takahashi M, Ko L, Kulathingal J, Jiang P, Sevlever D, Yen SHC. Oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation, degradation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein are linked to upregulated CK2 and cathepsin D. Eur J Neurosci. 2007; 26: 863-874.

19. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 915-924.

20.  Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update. J Lipid Res. 2009; 50: S376-381.

21.  Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2010; 30: 2311-2316.

22. Jerome WG, Cox BE, Griffin EE, Ullery JC. Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation inhibits subsequent hydrolysis of lipoprotein cholesteryl ester. Microsc Microanal. 2008; 14: 138-149.

23. Itabe H, Suzuki K, Tsukamoto Y, Ueda M, Mori M, Higashi Y, et al. Lysosomal accumulation of oxidized phosphatidylcholine-apolipoprotein B complex in macrophages: intracellular fate of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1487: 233-245.

24. Garramone A, Cangemi R, Bresciani E, Carnevale R, Bartimoccia S, Fante E, et al., Early decrease of oxidative stress by non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Intern Emerg Med. 2018; 13: 183-190.

25. Violi F, Carnevale R, Loffredo L, Pignatelli P, Gallin JI. NADPH Oxidase-2 and Atherothrombosis: Insight From Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017; 37: 218-225.

26. Violi F, Pignatelli P. Clinical Application of NOX Activity and Other Oxidative Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015; 23: 514-532.

27. Pignatelli P, Menichelli D, Pastori D, Violi F. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: new insights. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76: 713-722.

28. Watanabe K, Nakazato Y, Saiki R, Igarashi K, Kitada M, Ishii I. Acrolein-conjugated low-density lipoprotein induces macrophage foam cell formation. Atherosclerosis, 2013; 227: 51-57.

29. Lin CS, Lin FY, Ho LJ, Tsai CS, Cheng SM, Wu WL, et al. PKCdelta signalling regulates SR-A and CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Cardiovasc Res. 2012; 95: 346-355.

30.  Ding Z, Liu S, Sun C, Chen Z, Fan Y, Deng X, et al. Concentration polarization of ox-LDL activates autophagy and apoptosis via regulating LOX-1 expression. Sci Rep. 2013; 3: 2091.

31.   Svenia PJ, Krishnakumar IM, Ratheesh M, Asha S, Sandya S,Rajmohan V, et al. Polyphenolic fraction of virgin coconut oil inhibits the inflammatory response in oxidized LDL activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by modulating TLR/NF-κB signaling pathways. Eur J Integrative Med. 2017; 10: 59-65.

32.  Mukai E, Kume N, Hyashida K, Minami M, Ymada Y, Seino Y, et al. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor induces expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 176: 289-296.

33. Kiyan Y, Tkachuk S, Kleiner DH, Haller H, Fuhrman B, Inna Dumler. oxLDL induces inflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells via urokinase receptor association with CD36 and TLR4. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014; 66: 72-82.

34. Mugge A, Brandes RP, Boger RH, Dwengar A, Boger SB, Kienke S, et al. Vascular release of superoxide radicals is enhanced in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994; 24: 994-998.

35. Vachier I, Chanez P, Doucen CL, Damon M, Descomps B, Godard P. Enhancement of reactive oxygen species formation in stable and unstable asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1994; 7: 1585-1592.

36. Mashima R, Witting PK, Stocker R. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001; 12: 411-418.

37. Liu Q, Li J, Rose AH, Wang J, Li J, Janicki JS, et al. Chinese Herbal Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015; 2015: 752610.

38. Mitra S, Deshmukh A, Sachdeva R, Lu J, Mehta JL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis implications in antioxidant therapy. Am J Med Sci. 2011; 342: 135-142.

39. Fitzpatrick DF, Hirshfield SL, Ricci T, Jantzen P, Coffey RG. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation caused by various plant extracts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1995; 26: 90-95.

40. Cheng YC, Sheen JM, Hu WL, Hung YC. Polyphenols and Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis-Related Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017: 8526438.

41. Lonn ME, Dennis JM, Stocker R. Actions of "antioxidants" in the protection against atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med, 2012; 53: 863-884.

42. Siekmeier R, Steffen C, Marz W. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis: results of in vitro and in vivo investigations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 12: 265-282.

43. Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 530-536.

44. Kagan VE, Serbinova EA, Forte T, Scita G, Packer L. Recycling of vitamin E in human low density lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 1992; 33: 385-397.

45. Goszcz K, Deakin SJ, Duthie GG, Stewart D, Leslie SJ, Megson IL. Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Therapy: Panacea or False Hope? Front Cardiovasc Med. 2015; 2: 29.

46. Malekmohammad K, Sewell RDR, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Aspects. Biomolecules. 2019: 9.

 

Takayanagi T (2020) Antioxidative Components in Atherosclerosis- Animal Experiments. Ann Vasc Med Res 7(4): 1114.

Received : 09 Jun 2020
Accepted : 20 Jun 2020
Published : 24 Jun 2020
Journals
Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
ISSN : 2379-948X
Launched : 2014
JSM Schizophrenia
Launched : 2016
Journal of Nausea
Launched : 2020
JSM Internal Medicine
Launched : 2016
JSM Hepatitis
Launched : 2016
JSM Oro Facial Surgeries
ISSN : 2578-3211
Launched : 2016
Journal of Human Nutrition and Food Science
ISSN : 2333-6706
Launched : 2013
JSM Regenerative Medicine and Bioengineering
ISSN : 2379-0490
Launched : 2013
JSM Spine
ISSN : 2578-3181
Launched : 2016
Archives of Palliative Care
ISSN : 2573-1165
Launched : 2016
JSM Nutritional Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3203
Launched : 2017
Annals of Neurodegenerative Disorders
ISSN : 2476-2032
Launched : 2016
Journal of Fever
ISSN : 2641-7782
Launched : 2017
JSM Bone Marrow Research
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2016
JSM Mathematics and Statistics
ISSN : 2578-3173
Launched : 2014
Journal of Autoimmunity and Research
ISSN : 2573-1173
Launched : 2014
JSM Arthritis
ISSN : 2475-9155
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Neck Cancer-Cases and Reviews
ISSN : 2573-1610
Launched : 2016
JSM General Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2573-1564
Launched : 2016
JSM Anatomy and Physiology
ISSN : 2573-1262
Launched : 2016
JSM Dental Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1548
Launched : 2016
Annals of Emergency Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1017
Launched : 2016
Annals of Mens Health and Wellness
ISSN : 2641-7707
Launched : 2017
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health Care
ISSN : 2576-0084
Launched : 2018
Journal of Chronic Diseases and Management
ISSN : 2573-1300
Launched : 2016
Annals of Vaccines and Immunization
ISSN : 2378-9379
Launched : 2014
JSM Heart Surgery Cases and Images
ISSN : 2578-3157
Launched : 2016
Annals of Reproductive Medicine and Treatment
ISSN : 2573-1092
Launched : 2016
JSM Brain Science
ISSN : 2573-1289
Launched : 2016
JSM Biomarkers
ISSN : 2578-3815
Launched : 2014
JSM Biology
ISSN : 2475-9392
Launched : 2016
Archives of Stem Cell and Research
ISSN : 2578-3580
Launched : 2014
Annals of Clinical and Medical Microbiology
ISSN : 2578-3629
Launched : 2014
JSM Pediatric Surgery
ISSN : 2578-3149
Launched : 2017
Journal of Memory Disorder and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-319X
Launched : 2016
JSM Tropical Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2578-3165
Launched : 2016
JSM Head and Face Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3793
Launched : 2016
JSM Cardiothoracic Surgery
ISSN : 2573-1297
Launched : 2016
JSM Bone and Joint Diseases
ISSN : 2578-3351
Launched : 2017
JSM Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
ISSN : 2641-7812
Launched : 2017
JSM Atherosclerosis
ISSN : 2573-1270
Launched : 2016
Journal of Genitourinary Disorders
ISSN : 2641-7790
Launched : 2017
Journal of Fractures and Sprains
ISSN : 2578-3831
Launched : 2016
Journal of Autism and Epilepsy
ISSN : 2641-7774
Launched : 2016
Annals of Marine Biology and Research
ISSN : 2573-105X
Launched : 2014
JSM Health Education & Primary Health Care
ISSN : 2578-3777
Launched : 2016
JSM Communication Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3807
Launched : 2016
Annals of Musculoskeletal Disorders
ISSN : 2578-3599
Launched : 2016
Annals of Virology and Research
ISSN : 2573-1122
Launched : 2014
JSM Renal Medicine
ISSN : 2573-1637
Launched : 2016
Journal of Muscle Health
ISSN : 2578-3823
Launched : 2016
JSM Genetics and Genomics
ISSN : 2334-1823
Launched : 2013
JSM Anxiety and Depression
ISSN : 2475-9139
Launched : 2016
Clinical Journal of Heart Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7766
Launched : 2016
Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research
ISSN : 2378-9336
Launched : 2014
JSM Pain and Management
ISSN : 2578-3378
Launched : 2016
JSM Women's Health
ISSN : 2578-3696
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in HIV or AIDS
ISSN : 2374-0094
Launched : 2013
Journal of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
ISSN : 2333-6692
Launched : 2013
Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism
ISSN : 2373-9363
Launched : 2013
JSM Neurosurgery and Spine
ISSN : 2373-9479
Launched : 2013
Journal of Liver and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2379-0830
Launched : 2014
Journal of Drug Design and Research
ISSN : 2379-089X
Launched : 2014
JSM Clinical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2373-938X
Launched : 2013
JSM Bioinformatics, Genomics and Proteomics
ISSN : 2576-1102
Launched : 2014
JSM Chemistry
ISSN : 2334-1831
Launched : 2013
Journal of Trauma and Care
ISSN : 2573-1246
Launched : 2014
JSM Surgical Oncology and Research
ISSN : 2578-3688
Launched : 2016
Annals of Food Processing and Preservation
ISSN : 2573-1033
Launched : 2016
Journal of Radiology and Radiation Therapy
ISSN : 2333-7095
Launched : 2013
JSM Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
ISSN : 2578-3572
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical Pathology
ISSN : 2373-9282
Launched : 2013
Annals of Cardiovascular Diseases
ISSN : 2641-7731
Launched : 2016
Journal of Behavior
ISSN : 2576-0076
Launched : 2016
Annals of Clinical and Experimental Metabolism
ISSN : 2572-2492
Launched : 2016
Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases
ISSN : 2379-0636
Launched : 2013
JSM Microbiology
ISSN : 2333-6455
Launched : 2013
Journal of Urology and Research
ISSN : 2379-951X
Launched : 2014
Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health
ISSN : 2379-0547
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pregnancy and Care
ISSN : 2578-336X
Launched : 2017
JSM Cell and Developmental Biology
ISSN : 2379-061X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Aquaculture and Research
ISSN : 2379-0881
Launched : 2014
Clinical Research in Pulmonology
ISSN : 2333-6625
Launched : 2013
Journal of Immunology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6714
Launched : 2013
Annals of Forensic Research and Analysis
ISSN : 2378-9476
Launched : 2014
JSM Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ISSN : 2333-7109
Launched : 2013
Annals of Breast Cancer Research
ISSN : 2641-7685
Launched : 2016
Annals of Gerontology and Geriatric Research
ISSN : 2378-9409
Launched : 2014
Journal of Sleep Medicine and Disorders
ISSN : 2379-0822
Launched : 2014
JSM Burns and Trauma
ISSN : 2475-9406
Launched : 2016
Chemical Engineering and Process Techniques
ISSN : 2333-6633
Launched : 2013
Annals of Clinical Cytology and Pathology
ISSN : 2475-9430
Launched : 2014
JSM Allergy and Asthma
ISSN : 2573-1254
Launched : 2016
Journal of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
ISSN : 2334-2307
Launched : 2013
Annals of Sports Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2379-0571
Launched : 2014
JSM Sexual Medicine
ISSN : 2578-3718
Launched : 2016
JSM Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
ISSN : 2333-7117
Launched : 2013
Journal of Hematology and Transfusion
ISSN : 2333-6684
Launched : 2013
JSM Environmental Science and Ecology
ISSN : 2333-7141
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cardiology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2333-6676
Launched : 2013
JSM Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine
ISSN : 2334-1815
Launched : 2013
Journal of Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
ISSN : 2475-9473
Launched : 2016
JSM Ophthalmology
ISSN : 2333-6447
Launched : 2013
Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology
ISSN : 2333-7079
Launched : 2013
Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health
ISSN : 2374-0124
Launched : 2013
Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
ISSN : 2333-6439
Launched : 2013
Annals of Pediatrics and Child Health
ISSN : 2373-9312
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Pharmaceutics
ISSN : 2379-9498
Launched : 2014
JSM Foot and Ankle
ISSN : 2475-9112
Launched : 2016
JSM Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia
ISSN : 2378-9565
Launched : 2014
Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy
ISSN : 2333-665X
Launched : 2013
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research
ISSN : 2378-931X
Launched : 2013
Annals of Public Health and Research
ISSN : 2378-9328
Launched : 2014
Annals of Orthopedics and Rheumatology
ISSN : 2373-9290
Launched : 2013
Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research
ISSN : 2379-0652
Launched : 2014
Annals of Community Medicine and Practice
ISSN : 2475-9465
Launched : 2014
Annals of Biometrics and Biostatistics
ISSN : 2374-0116
Launched : 2013
JSM Clinical Case Reports
ISSN : 2373-9819
Launched : 2013
Journal of Cancer Biology and Research
ISSN : 2373-9436
Launched : 2013
Journal of Surgery and Transplantation Science
ISSN : 2379-0911
Launched : 2013
Journal of Dermatology and Clinical Research
ISSN : 2373-9371
Launched : 2013
JSM Gastroenterology and Hepatology
ISSN : 2373-9487
Launched : 2013
Annals of Nursing and Practice
ISSN : 2379-9501
Launched : 2014
JSM Dentistry
ISSN : 2333-7133
Launched : 2013
Author Information X