Sesamum indicum L. commercially known as sesame or gingelly seed is mainly considered an oilseed crop worldwide belonging to the Pedaliaceae family. Sesame have been cultivated for thousands of years and has been valued in commerce since ancient and early modern times as food, oil rich seed and medicine and hence known as ‘queen of oil seeds. In recent years, it is emerging as a main key resource of phytochemicals in nourishing and useful aspects of human health and due to other nutritional considerations make it more favourable choice for food technologist and nutritionists to develop it as a functional food. Scientific evidence suggests that sesame consumption is supported due to its quality of available proteins, soluble fibres and a rich source of phenolic compounds which exhibits numerous positive effects. Gingelly is mainly known by its high alpha-linolenic acid content, but it is also a rich source of lignan, compounds which are biologically active in the prevention of some chronic diseases. The oil from sesame seed is abundant in linoleic and oleic acids, the majority of which are gamma-tocopherol and other vitamin isomers. The bioactive nutritional components reservoir present in sesame seed is having the numerous beneficial effects along with health benefits.

Sesame; Sesame seeds; Functional food; Health benefits; Nutrition

Raole VM, Oza KK, Raole VV (2022) Customary and Contemporary Application of Sesame in Human Health and Food. J Hum Nutr Food Sci 10(2): 1150.

Diet plays a significant role in human health and welfare. Interest in healthy eating is growing in recent years due to modern lifestyle in India and Sesame is started getting attention for its nutritive and medicinal value. Since yore, natural products are the backbone of traditional system of healing throughout the world, and have also been an integral a part of history and culture. Although, the employment of bioactive natural products as herbal drug preparations dates back hundreds, even thousands, of years ago, their application as isolated and characterized compounds to modern drug discovery and development started only within the 19th century. Medicinal plants are referred to as a source for biologically active metabolites with therapeutic potential and are used worldwide since past for the treatment of variety of diseases. Agreeing with Global Health Organization, medicinal plants are commonly employed in developing countries to treat many forms of disorders, and traditional medicine has an economic importance additionally Barata et al. [1], has listed 20,000 plant taxa up hitherto and efforts are being made to spot medicinal plants at the worldwide level, although indiscriminate harvesting of those plants is seriously damaging the medicinal plant diversity. Mankind has exploited the therapeutic potential of plants for mitigating human diseases since antiquity [2]. The earliest records of medicinal plants go back to the Sumerian clay slabs about five millennia ago [3].

Sesamum indicum L., formerly referred to as Sesamum orientale L., also mentioned to as Gingelly, Benniseed, Simsim in English, til or Tila in Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati and by over 25 names from various Indian Languages. The name Sesamum comes from Sesamon, a reputation given by Hippocrates, after the Arabic word Sesam meaning herbs. Til or tila in Sanskrit, means a little particle. In proverbial language a grain of Sesamum signifies the smallest amount quantity of anything. The word ‘Taila’, the Sanskrit term for oil springs from Tila. Therefore, it seems that Sesamum oil is one in every of the primary or otherwise the primary oil manufactured from oilseeds by the traditional Indians. The aforementioned reported as most useful plant taxa in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Folk, Sowa Rigpa, Chinese and even Modern medicine. Ever since the Bronze Age, the sesame plant has been closely linked with the traditions of Southwest Asian culture. Sesame seeds are also the oldest condiment known to man dating back to as early as 1600 BC. Records show that the Egyptians prescribed the Sesame as medicine about 1500 BC and used the oil as ceremonial purification. In Mesopotamia in an early period, by 2500 B.C. an archaeological site there was reference to contain sesame. In those days it absolutely was a highly prized oil crop of Babylon and Assyria a minimum of 4000 years ago [4].

In Hindu Mythology Sesamum seed could be a symbolic of immortality, as per the Brahmepurana it had been created by Yama, the “King of death”, after prolonged penance. Tila is employed in rituals of the dead from very early times in Hindu religion and its oil is employed widely in prayers and rituals performed during death of an individual. Offerings of Tila seeds are considered to be effective in removing sins. In India it had been a symbol of immortality and a hoarding commodity; traders exported it to Europe via the Red Sea.

Botany of sesame

Botanically it’s an annual herbaceous taxon from Pedaliaceae family and is cultivated for its seed, oil and flavoursome value. Most of the wild species are native to Sub-Saharan Africa. An erect, glandular-pubescent, annual herb branching from the bottom grows up to height of 95 em. Leaves grow alternate or lower opposite and infrequently deeply 3 lobed; lobes lancolate, 3-15 x 1.5-6 ern, serrate, puberlous beneath; upper leaves entire, lanceolate, much smaller, passing into bracts. Flowers are of white or pink with yellow marks with unpleasant odor, auxiliary, solitary, forming a false raceme at the top of branches. Fruits are quadrangular, oblong, compressed and capsules deeply 4 grooved, dehiscent to half way down. Seeds are many, obovoid, compressed, black or white.

Sesame grows well in subtropical and tropical warmer regions and commonly cultivated in Africa and Asia. It’s believed that sesame is originated in India where maximum variability in genetic resources is offered. Sesame was widely dispersed by people both westward and eastward, reaching China and Japan which themselves became secondary distribution centres. Within India, it’s cultivated throughout the plains up to an altitude of 1200 m. it’s also naturalised and is found along roadsides and waste lands. Sesame is like minded to high temperatures and limited rainfall. It tolerates heat above 400C, and can grow with as little as 300-400 mm rainfall, provided the soil is fairly fertile. It day length sensitive plant and can also grow without rain falling during growth, depending solely on the stored moisture from winter rains [5,6]. Thanks to its utmost economic importance, it’s primarily grown by small farmers in developing countries as a vital crop. It’s cultivated for its seeds which has 38–54 % oil of very high quality and 18–25 % protein. Diversity of sesame types, their wide environmental adaptation and considerable range of seed oil content and characteristics features. S. indicum features a number of local cultivars as noted within the literature, but it’s claimed the Sesamum has only 1 cultivated species, which might be divided by seed colour into white sesame S. indicum spp., indicum, and variable sesame S. indicum spp orientale [7]. On the basis of colour and inheritance it’s postulated that sesame evolved from symmetric to asymmetric types and from S. capense to S. indicum within the sequence black, brown, yellow and white seeded types [8].

Ethnobotany of sesame

Ethno-botanical review of Sesame provides information about therapeutic use of sesame seeds that sesame seeds add a nutty taste and a fragile and invisible crunch to several Asian dishes. In recent years plant products have gained well-deserved attention from everywhere the world. Foods of vegetable origin are stabilised by addition of antioxidants less frequently than foods of animal origin, perhaps with the exception of edible and essential oils. In contrast to animal foods, foods of vegetable origin usually contain natural antioxidants, like tocopherols, carotenoids or flavonoids in sufficient amounts. Flavouring oil is a very important a part of diet in most of the natives of oriental region including Indo-Malayan to Japan. It’s a big article of commerce in European nations as oil, cosmetics, manufacturing of margarine and soap making. The oil is one in every of the foremost valuable vegetable oils in India and if kept for a protracted time without becoming rancid. Seeds contain 50?60% of top-quality oil which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and natural antioxidants, sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherol homologues also as high degree of resistance to oxidation and rancidity [9]. Thanks to presence of number of bioactive components, the soundness and quality of oil together with numerous health benefits are enhanced. Seeds as an entire are considered as valuable foods as they improve the diet with the pleasing aroma and flavour and offer nourishing and biological benefits. Modern studies on the antioxidant and anti?cancer-causing activities, seed have greatly increased its applications in healthy foodstuffs that proclaim for liver and heart protection additionally to tumour prevention [10].

Traditional uses of seed and oil

There are many foods with sesame as an ingredient. Many nutraceutical uses of sesame have been abridged here. Sesame milk has been prepared by using decorticated sesame seeds. Aqua hulled sesame seeds undergo a special hulling process which produces a clear white seed. There are some important cuisines from some countries wherein sesame is always used. Some well-known mentions are Sesame cakes, wine and brandy Biblical Babylon and Bread stick, cracker, salad and cooking oil Worldwide. Raw, powdered and roasted seed are most liked and served in daily food as well as on certain rituals and festivals in India. In some Indian cooking Protein rich useful supplement is generally used. In India fresh or fried seeds bound together with sugar syrup and generally consumed during winter. It is also noticed in Bread in Sicily, seed buns in United States and Cakes in Greece. It is an essential and savoured ingredient in Soup, spice and seed oil in African continent. Moreover, low grade oil is used in making soaps, paints, lubricants, and illuminates in Africa. Whole seeds baked into Biscuits are popular in northern Europe either incorporated into breads or as decorative toppings. A paste of sesame seeds is used as an ingredient in eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern foods. In salads it is substituted for olive oil in numerous countries of Europe as well as in Japan in place of Fish oil for cooking. In China it is an important ingredient in Confectionery and Biscuits products in China. Common people use it as sole oil until quite recently for cooking. The newly developed products can be used as dairy substitutes and offer a family of dairy analogues, which can be declared as health foods [11]. Sesame lignans have antioxidant and health promoting activities [12]

Ayurveda remains one among the foremost ancient and yet alive traditions practiced widely in SARC countries that have a sound philosophical and experimental basis [13]. Atharvaveda (around 1200 BC), Charak Samhita, and Sushrut Samhita (1000– 500 BC) are classic treaties that give detailed descriptions of various herbs. Even today contemporary idiom, best attempted with an article from modern medicine and science viewpoint, gives some glimpses of ancient wisdom [14]. Sesame may be a reputed folk medicine in Africa and Asia where all parts of the plant are used. Sesame oil is used for massage and health treatments of the body in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic system with the types of massage called Abhyanga and Sirodhara. With respect to Ayurveda views sesame oil as the most viscous of the plant oils and believes it may pacify the health problems associated with Vata aggravation. According to Ayurveda, the sesame seed is sweet, pungent, astringent, and bitter, with a heating effect. It is one of Ayurveda’s most popular oils for selfmassage due to its Nourishing, calming, and warming result. It has been used as demulcents in dysentery and urinary diseases in combination with other medicines. It is also called as ‘Yogavahi’ due to its quality of high penetration capacity to reach the deepest tissue. Therefore, it is used to cure the vitiation of tridoshas. The oil is commonly used as base for many Ayurvedic medicated oils in combination with various vegetable drugs because of its specific characteristic of less liable to become rancid or thick. It is also considering as an important source of protein. (Charak Samhita and Bhavprakasha).It is rich in linoleic acid, and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is very nourishing, and prevents the skin from getting excessively dry. Sesame oil massaged into the scalp once a week is an excellent way to nourish the scalp and restore the natural balance and luster of hair [15,16].

Since earlier period, sesame seeds are in use for traditional purposes. “Butter of the center east,” Tahini, a smooth, creamy paste made from toasted ground hulled sesame seeds could be a traditional ingredient in the Middle East geographic area cooking [17]. A little of the nutritious seed cake is employed as animal feed while the rest is ground into sesame flour and added to health foods. Southern Indian cuisine depends upon vegetable oil for cooking. Raw, powdered and roasted seed are most liked and served in daily food as well as on certain rituals and festivals in India. Protein rich useful supplement, used in some Indian cooking. Its flavouring benefits the body as an entire, especially the liver, kidney, spleen and stomach. Its high oil content not only lubricates the intestines, but nourishes all the inner viscera as well as also known to blacken the hair, especially the black sesame oil. Sesamum oil is also used as substitute to Olive oil and Almond oil. It is also an adulterant of the same, Sesame oil is widely used as an ingredient in confectionery and for making margarine. Margarines are water-in-oil emulsions (similar to butter), containing b-carotene as a nature-identical additive, or related substances, imparting yellow colour to the product. The oil is also used in formulations of antacids, ointments, and hair oils [18].

In traditional and complementary medicine sesame is consumption is suggested and used to cure certain ailments in various nations such as Cancer in Germany, Cold in Dominican Republic, Colic in Haiti Constipation, impotency, laxative, malaria, cold, cancer, diarrhea, sore, venereal and wart in China, Cough in Venezuela, Dysentery in Turkey, Laxative in Mexico and Tumor in India.

The oil was used during the 4th century by the Chinese as a remedy for toothaches and gum diseases. The Indian society is using the sesame oil as mouthful oil pulls which acts as a mouthwash which helps in relieving anxiety and insomnia. Furthermore, it is included for treatment of vision, giddiness, and headaches. A recent clinical trial proved that sesame oil was significantly more effective for treating nasal mucosa dryness due to dry winter climate than isotonic NaCl solution [19]. In addition, as sesame oil contains large amounts of linoleate in triglyceride form that is selectively repressed melanoma malignancy [20]. The leaves are rich in a gummy matter and when mixed with water form rich bland mucilage that is used in the treatment of infant cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, cataract and bladder troubles. If taken internally it prevents hair loss and greying, convalescence, chronic dry constipation, dental caries, osteoporosis, stiff joints, and dry cough Chevallier [21], in his studies suggested the capability to intensification of milk production in nursing mothers. It is used to treat haemorrhoids and ulcers externally [22]. The seed be there rich in high calories so bulky peoples should use them very watchfully [23, 24]. The oil is laxative and also promotes menstruation.

Recent signs for Nutritional, Medicinal and Industrial Uses

Scientific research after human diet and health has evolved within the previous few years and also the concept of functional foods started getting popular globally. The functional foods that have prospective benefits for the common man’s health have grown enormously. Foods that are advertised as being functional are thought to exert certain positive properties over and above their normal nutritional value. The medicinal power of foods has been a widely accepted philosophy for generations everywhere the world. Seasoning is high in protein, vitamin B1, dietary fibre similarly as a wonderful source of phosphorous, iron, magnesium calcium, manganese, copper and zinc. Additionally, to those important nutrients, sesame seeds contain two unique substances, sesamin and sesamolin. Both of those substances belong to a bunch of special beneficial fibres called lignans and have a cholesterol lowering effect in humans and forestall high pressure and increase tocopherol supplies in animals (Table 1).

Natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, carotenoids or flavonoids are recorded in sufficient amounts from foods of plant origin. The pro-oxidative activity of iron and other heavy metals is less dangerous in plant materials as plant materials usually also contain metal-chelating agents. The only significant oxidation catalyst in fresh materials and foods of herbal origin is a group of lipoxygenases and associated enzymes.

Sesame seed nutraceutical components

Sesame seed possess very many health promoting effects, some of which are attributed to a group of compounds called lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, sesaminol and sesamolinol). Sesame seed also contains lignan aglycones in oil and lignan glucosides. Sesame seed is rich in oil, encompasses high amounts of (83?90%) unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (37?47%), oleic acid (35?43%), palmitic (9?11%) and stearic acid (5?10%) having omega-6 fatty acid in trace quantity. The seeds are an upscale source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds including phenolics, phytosterols, phytates, PUFA and short chain peptides. Sesame cake may be a rich source of protein, carbohydrate and mineral nutrients [25,26]. El?Adawy and Mansour [27]. Reported that Sesame seeds have special significance for human nutrition on account of its high content of sulphur amino acids and phytosterols. The antioxidative agents (sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, their glycosylated forms sesaminol glucosides and tocopherol make the oil very stable and thus it›s an extended shelf life [28]. Among the vitamins in the sesame seed, the presence of vitamin E is extremely interesting in reference to the effectiveness of sesame seed Table 2.

Antioxidant properties of sesame fractions

Foods of plant origin are known to supply a posh mixture of natural substances with antioxidative effects. Such antioxidant activity appears to be closely associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis and the process of ageing in experimental animals and humans [29]. In addition to above, various enzymes are involved in catabolism and anabolism of fatty acids in human physiology.

Sesame seeds contain a group of phenylpropanoid compounds, namely lignans, an innate non?enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanism against reactive oxygen species which play an important role in health promotion. Sesame lignans have various pharmacological properties, e.g., antioxidant activity, antiproliferative activity, responsible for enhancing antioxidant activity of vitamin E in lipid peroxidation systems [30], lowering cholesterol levels [31], Increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes [32]. And show antihypertensive effects [33]. Apart from sesame lignans, benniseed and oil also contain other important biologically active compounds like vitamin E (tocopherol homologues), especially γ?tocopherol [34] Table 3.

Due to its high content of oil and protein sesame seed has the high food value and composition is markedly subjective to many genetic and environmental factors [35,36]. Sesame seed contains 17-32% protein with an average of about 25%. Protein content tends to decline with increase in productivity level. Generally, in the outer layers of the seed proteins are recorded. The carbohydrate contents are comparable with ground nuts and more than soyabean seeds. Sesame seeds contain 14-25% carbohydrates and about 5% reducing type sugars. Sesame seed is a good source of certain minerals, particularly calcium, phosphorus, iron sodium, and potassium, and selenium [37,38].

Pharmacological application

The wound healing activity on excision, incision burns, in experimental rats was evaluated for seed of S. indicum. On the basis of their result hey suggested a hepatoprotective role for extracts against liver injury resulted from vanadium toxicity [39]. Pinoresinol is a lignan recorded from sesame seed as well as olive oil. Previous studies have reported that pinoresinol inhibits a-glucosidase and, therefore, act as a hypoglycaemic agent [40]. Which are always distressing the memory Synaptic Plasticity Effect. Over and above, it has been known that diet has intense effects on the progress of atherosclerosis. On the basis of finding that sesame oil could prevent atherosclerosis lesion formation effectively, due to synergistic reaction of fatty acid and no saponifiable components [41]. Moreover, Chen et al. [42], found that sesame exerts valuable effects on serum lipid profile and improves antioxidant ability in hypercholesterolemic patients. At the same time, consumption of adequate amounts of sesame seeds seems to considerably elevate the plasma g-tocopherol and transform plasma tocopherol proportions in humans and is remaining stable with the effects of nutritional sesame seeds leading to raised plasma g tocopherol and elevated vitamin E bioactivity [43]. Sesamol has been exhibited earlier to depict the anti-ageing activity and responsive oxygen mediated antimutagenic activity. Furthermore, it has also been established to exert chemo-preventive effect as maximum of the antioxidants act by their property to auto-oxidize. Likewise, Yokota et al. [44]. It is found that a lignan of sesame, that is, sesamin, downregulates cyclin D1 protein expression during studies in human tumor cells. Sesamin also shields deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy and hypertension suggested by the experimental studies of Matsumura et al. [45,46]. They as well suggested that Sesamin defends salt-loaded hypertensive than unloaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sesamin, a major lignan in sesame seeds, has multiple functions such as cholesterol lowering and antihypertensive activities through lipid and alcohol metabolizing enzyme’s dictation. Finally, Geetha et al. [47], established that sesamol is an efficient scavenger of the entire range of reactive oxygen species in several test systems directing toward the potential of sesamol to be developed as a possible therapeutic agent.

The oleaginous edible seeds of Sesamum indicum are traditionally known for its oil. Total quantities and different ratios of a-, b-, g- and d-tocopherols are recorded in all edible oils. The two important constituents are Sesamin and Sesamolin, those are not found in any other vegetable oil was responsible for the synergistic effect on the insecticides and another compound is sesamol. Much of its phenolic antioxidant is lost during deodorization. Sesame oil has medium unsaturation, but contains several natural antioxidants of the lignan structure, such as sesamol, so that it is not necessary to stabilise it. Sesame seed oil can be a healthy component of a human diet provided the product is handled properly and used in applications for which it is produced. It is important to note that amber coloured sesame seed oil should not be used in high temperature applications, like cooking and frying. Sesame oil is considered and used in some applications such as salad dressings and flavouring foodstuffs after cooking.

Minor bioactive components are naturally present in sesame oil and group of such compounds identified as phytosterols [48]. Many scientific studies link these minor oil components to health benefits including antioxidation, antiatherosclerosis, anticancer, plasma cholesterol lowering and free radical inhibition effects. Phytosterol content of the sesame oil is higher than the common vegetable oils. The major phytosterols found in sesame seed oil are β-Sitosterol (58% to 62% of total phytosterols), campesterol (10% to 20%) and stigmasterol (3% to 6%). Total phytosterol content of the oil may vary from 4,500 to 18,960 mg/kg. It is well established that daily consumption of phytosterol in diet may lower blood cholesterol level and provide protection against hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, β-sitosterol is reported to inhibit prostate and breast cancer tumour growth and proliferation. Sesamum seeds are considered emollient, nourishing, tonic, diuretic, and lactagogue. By and large it is said to be especially good for regulating the bowels and removing constipation and give real cure in piles.

Sankar et al. [49], suggested on the basis of their results sesame oil as edible oil lowered blood pressure, decreased lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant status in hypertensive patients. By and large, some of these occur due to its metabolic conversion to corresponding catechol occur in biological effects. Outer layer of the cell wall of the gram-negative bacteria is mostly composed of Lipopolysaccharide is the main component, and it usually triggers multiple organ failure and leads to the death. When the experiment has been conducted with sesame oil it was found that sesame oil decreased multiple organ failure and mortality via inhibition of Xanthin oxidase in lipopolysaccharidedosed rats. Furthermore, Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions are thought to be accountable for utmost food-induced sensitive reactions of the instantaneous hypersensitivity type. And it has suggested that, the identification relies on biologicaland scientific-specific features resulting in an inflammatory response and precise clinical manifestations.

Sesame seed and sesame oil is also acting as an activator and inhibition for some biochemical pathways and perform the enzymatic activity. Some activators Catabolism of fatty acids (â-oxidation) are Ä3, Ä2 - enoyl-CoA isomerase; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase; Acyl-CoA oxidase; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase; 2, 4-dienoyl-CoA reductase. In addition to above some also act as inhibitors i.e. they perform lipogenic activity Anabolism of fatty acids, Fatty acid synthase; ATP-citrate lyase; L-Pyruvate kinase and Glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Sesame seed acts as a good source as a microcapsule with bioactive components comprising high changeability and displaying huge medical significance. Sesame seed is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as proteins, minerals and oils as well as health promoting phytochemicals such as Sesamin, Sesamolin, tocopherols, PUFA, phytosterols, phytates and additional phenolic. Wide variation in nutritional components (lignans, tocopherols and phytosterols) comprises a large number of bioactive substances that are important for human health and nutrition. Til seed oil is of unsaturated type and contains mainly the fatty acids i.e. oleic C18:1(38.84 %) and linoleic C18:2 (46.26%) and can be classified in the oleiclinoleic acid group. High unsaponifiable matters content (1.76%) guarantees the use the oils in cosmetics industry. Sesame oil has good physicochemical properties and could be beneficial for any type of industrial applications. Thus, capable by means of so many qualities and advantageous nutrients, the sesame crop holds tremendous prospect for export and over the years it may become one of the most important natural foods having high food value.

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